Deep Sea Vents: Origin of Life Theory

Deep Sea Vents Origin of Life TheoryAssess one hypothesis of the origin of invigorationLife may have emerged from hidden sea ventsIntroductionFossil evidence confirms that life on Earth surviveed at least 3.5 billion years ago (Orgel 1998). This rapid appearance of life is considered to be a curious event after the late heavy bombardment 100 million years before, which had the potential to destroy some(prenominal) thinkable habitats suited to alert organisms (Abramov Mojzsis 2009). All life today can be phylogenetically linked to a last universal common ancestor (LUCA) whose close-hau guide known relatives atomic number 18 nonplus day hyperthermophiles (Abramov Mojzsis 2009, Glansdorff Labedan 2008). This suggests that the earliest form of life on Earth may have originated from a single cell which emerged ad lib in a racy temperature environment.It is assumed that the development of the first living protocell occurred through a stepwise accumulation of necessary compon ents (Mirazo et al. 2014). Experiments have maken that the simple prebiotic molecules ask can be made under various conditions independent of a biological system (Orgel 1998, Mirazo et al. 2014) and it is often hypothesised that these reactions could have occurred approach hydrothermal vents (Huber Wachtershauser 2006, Dai 2012, Budin et al. 2009). The ways in which these prebiotic molecules assembled into a self-sustaining cell have not yet been elucidated. This has led to some am good-lookinguity regarding which prebiotic materials and chemical processes are required for the initiation of life (Mirazo et al. 2014).Assessing the ways in which life may have originated could provide insight into the possible locations of extraterrestrial life in our solar system (Spiegel Turner 2011). While current look aims to identify a single origin of life, it is important to observe multiple possibilities to ensure continued progress.Defining life the cellTo determine the point at which life first emerged, it is important to identify the features which go bad living biological entities from non-living chemical grammatical construction blocks. This paper bequeath therefore conform to the assumptions that the universal building block of life is the cell (Palmer 2013) and that all living organisms are autonomous and self-replicating (Bich Damiano 2012). With these definitions in mind, it can be seen that all life on Earth shares three major(ip) cellular properties a genetic code for in formation storage and replication, metabolism for the acquisition of energy and nutrients, as well as selectively permeable membranes that separate them from the surrounding environment (Mirazo et al. 2014). These components are made up of complex organic molecules that are commonly tax deductioned from within the cell itself. Life today uses nucleic acids for their genetic code, aminic acids make up metabolic proteins and lipids form cell membranes (Mirazo et al. 2014). If we as sume that the first living cell from which all life ascended in any case consisted of these types of molecules, we must consider how they form independently under primal Earth conditions.Starting materials and chemical evolutionSimilar to how multicellular organisms emerged through increasing complexity and natural selection from the environment, the building blocks for life are thought to have developed through a process of chemical evolution. The Miller-Urey experiment in 1953 showed that amino acids can be make quite readily from simple materials such as hydrogen, methane and ammonia when subject to an electric charge (Orgel 1998, Mirazo et al. 2014). While is it commonly suggested that the strongly reducing conditions used in the experiment may not have been analogous to the true archaeozoic Earth conditions, it was the first of its kind to prove that complex organic molecules can be made without the help of a living system (Mirazo et al. 2014). Many experiments since then h ave shown similar abilities of simple molecules to reach prebiotic complexity under a sort of different conditions (Keller et al. 2014, Longo et al. 2012, Novikov Copley 2013). Research in 2006 showed the possibility of producing -hydroxy and -amino acids from simple molecules under spunky pressure and temperature with nickel and iron catalysis (Huber Wachtershauser 2006). These conditions and reactants were identically to be present in concentration and temperature gradients at volcanoes or hydrothermal vents in the archaean acidic ocean (Huber Wachtershauser 2006). Later simulation experiments have in like manner shown that polynucleotides have the potential to be produced near alka profligate deep sea vents and that protocell-like vesicles can form in thermal diffusion columns (Dai 2012, Budin et al. 2009).The typical materials used in these experiments are likely to have been present on Earth before the emergence of life and are listed by Mirazo, Briones and Escosura (20 14)The main starting time materials in prebiotic chemistry are one-, two-, and three-carbon atom molecules, such as hydrogen cyanide, cyanate, cyanogen, formaldehyde, formamide, formic acid, ammonium formate, ammonium cyanide, urea, acetaldehyde, cyanoacetylene, and cyanoacetaldehyde (p. 289).These molecules can be produced from gaseous mixtures of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen, ammonia and water through UV radiation, shock waves or spark discharge (Mirazo et al. 2014). Given appropriate conditions, the resulting materials can then combine further through redox, photochemical or hydrolytic reactions (Mirazo et al. 2014).The origins of prebiotic monomers are often debated (Orgel 1998, Mirazo et al. 2014). It is proposed that the required quantities of starting materials were not being produced in the vast oceans of the early Earth. It is therefore speculated that they were unable to achieve sufficient concentrations for further synthesis (Mirazo et al. 2014). An alternative source of starting materials to their formation on the early Earth is their possible delivery from space during the late heavy bombardment (Mirazo et al. 2014, Orgel 1998). Meteorite analyses show that they can contain a wide diversity of organic materials, including those which are used by living organisms (see table 1). The amount of organic matter deposited during this period is estimated to be two to four orders of magnitude higher(prenominal) than the current mass of the biosphere. It is therefore possible that a significant portion of the staring materials on Earth were of extraterrestrial origin (Mirazo et al. 2014, Orgel 1998). This also suggests that organic synthesis is a universal process (Longo et al. 2012).Source Mirazo, Briones and Escosura 2014 p. 289.Genes, metabolism and membranesThe origin of more complex prebiotic structures such as membranes, polypeptides and genes are significantly less distinct. The agreement that living organisms require the abil ity to replicate imposes that the first form of life probably emerged from an RNA world (Vasas et al. 2009). However, the abiotic outpution of RNA has been shown to be remarkably difficult. While a metabolism first model addresses this issue (Novikov Copley 2013), it is uncertain if the process adheres to the definition of life (Vasas et al. 2009). Huber and Wchtershuser (2006) theorise that life emerged stepwise from a open metabolism to a fully functioning organism. Whereas Budin et al. (2009) suggest that the spontaneous formation of amphiphilic membranes in rock microchannels of deep sea vents may have provided suitable housings for the initial polymerisation of nucleotides. An all-encompassing view is held by Mirazo, Briones and Escosura (2014), stating thatWhen these various difficulties are considered, it is unlikely that scientists will ever know which exact synthetic itinerary led to the first forms of life. A nonhistorical point of view might be more fruitful, the targ et of research turning to be the general physicochemical processes that could trigger the pitch contour from a nonliving chemical system into a protoliving one and, finally, into a living organism (p. 287).Nonetheless, there is a significant absence of evidence suggesting that any stack awayion of chemical processes will lead to a living entity (Spiegel Turner 2012). To reject the discrete steps that may have led to the emergence of a cell could limit our understanding of how life is formed.Why hydrothermal vents?Hydrothermal vents currently support dense and diverse communities of organisms, indicating that their wide-ranging chemical and physical gradients have a remarkable capacity for supporting life (Novikov Copley 2013) (see figure 1). Their internal and nearby structures have the potential to provide microenvironments for concentrating organic materials and catalytic minerals. They can provide both high and wiped out(p) temperatures which can assist in the outpution of high activation energy and low thermal stability materials, respectively (Novikov Copley 2013). Hyperthermophilic microorganisms have been reported to exist in temperatures between 80C and 100C and many species are the closest living relatives to the last universal common ancestor (Glansdorff Labedan 2008). It is speculated that the thermotolerance of the early descendants of LUCA was an adaptive deviation from the original protocell (Glansdorff Labedan 2008). Nonetheless, evidence suggests that LUCA was moderate thermophilic (40C to 80C) to mesophilic (20C to 45C), possibly signifying a extensive preferred temperature bleed (Glansdorff Labedan 2008). If life originally emerged from a hydrothermal environment, it can be expected that it would require a potential for adaptability to survive in such varying conditions.Figure 1. draw of the chemical and physical interactions that occur in and around hydrothermal vents. A wide variety of temperatures and chemical harvest-tides e xist in the vicinity of a deep sea vent. Source peaceable Marine Environmental Laboratory 2013.Issues and important considerationsAs previously mentioned, there is currently no experimental evidence of a intonation from prebiotic organic material to a fully replicating autonomous system. It is therefore possible that the conditions applied in simulation experiments still do not replicate those of the early Earth. The first life on Earth may have been introduced from elsewhere during the late heavy bombardment (Abramov Mojzsis 2009) and may therefore have been in conditions that are completely unlike those considered in the literature. Additionally, the earliest organisms may have been incomparable to the life that exists today. Alternatively, the models which are applied to define life may be repressive to our understanding of its origin. Vlaardingerbroek (2012) suggests that the separation between biological and chemical evolution and a specific origin of life is problematic, adv ising instead to observe the emergence of life as a gradual and detailed process absent of a single impartial event.Conclusions and future possibilitiesAlthough the theory of life emerging from hydrothermal vents is convincing, we should maintain a broad perspective on the possibilities of the origin of life until more culture is acquired. Many of the current hypotheses are plausible the abiotic production of building blocks has been proven in a multitude of different instances. However, evidence that can confirm the possibility of making a cell abiotically from these building blocks is leaseed to reinforce this idea. If abiogenesis is found to be common and rapid given appropriate conditions, it is likely that it is occurring on many other locations in space (Spiegel Turner 2011). Such possibilities would lead to a superfluity of exciting research opportunities into the discovery of extraterrestrial life.ReferencesAbramov, O., Mojzsis, S. J. (2009) Microbial habitability of t he Hadean Earth during the late heavy bombardment, Nature, 459(7245) 419422.Bich, L., Damiano, L. (2012) Life, Autonomy and Cognition An Organizational Approach to the Definition of the universal joint Properties of Life, Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 42(5) 389397.Budin, I., Bruckner, R. J., Szostak, J. W. (2009) Formation of Protocell-like Vesicles in a Thermal Diffusion Column, daybook of the American Chemical Society, 131(28) 96289629.Dai, J. (2012) Novel molecular fossils of bacteria Insights into hydrothermal origin of life, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 310 249256.Glansdorff, N., Xu, Y., Labedan, B. (2008) The Last Universal Common Ancestor emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner, Biology Direct, 3(1) 29.Huber, C., Wachtershauser, G. (2006) -Hydroxy and -Amino Acids Under assertable Hadean, Volcanic Origin-of-Life Conditions, Science, 314(5799) 630632.Keller, M. A., Turchyn, A. V., Ralser, M. (2014) Non-enzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway-like reactions in a plausible Archean ocean, Molecular Systems Biology, 10(725) 112.Lal, A. K. (2008) Origin of Life, Astrophysics and Space Science, 317(3-4) 267278.Longo, L. M., Lee, J., Blaber, M. (2013) Simplified protein design biased for prebiotic amino acids yields a f over-the-hillable, halophilic protein, Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences, 110(6) 21352139.Novikov, Y., Copley, S. D. (2013) Reactivity landscape of pyruvate under simulated hydrothermal vent conditions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(33) 1328313288.Orgel, L. E. (1998) The origin of life a review of facts and speculations, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 4(98) 491495.Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (2013) Vent Fluid Chemistry. Retrieved from http//www.pmel.noaa.gov/eoi/chemistry/fluid.htmlPalmer, B. S. (2012) A review on the spontaneous formation of the building blocks of life and the generation of a set of hypotheses governing univers al abiogenesis, International Journal of Astrobiology, 12(01) 3944.Ruiz-Mirazo, K., Briones, C., de la Escosura, A. (2014) Prebiotic Systems Chemistry New Perspectives for the Origins of Life, Chemical Reviews, 114(1) 285366.Spiegel, D. S., Turner, E. L. (2011) Bayesian analysis of the astrobiological implications of lifes early emergence on Earth, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(2) 395400.Vasas, V., Szathmary, E., Santos, M. (2010) Lack of evolvability in self-sustaining autocatalytic networks constraints metabolism-first scenarios for the origin of life, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(4) 14701475.Vlaardingerbroek, B. (2012) The Sorites Paradox, Life, and Abiogenesis, Evolution program decipher and Outreach, 5(3) 399401.Barco NV Analysis SWOT, Position and Product Life CycleBarco NV Analysis SWOT, Position and Product Life CycleBarco NV is one of the top three global manufacturer, focussed on expensive, high-quality products in a nich e market. It focuses on the graphic projector, projector market has the greatest issue and income.Barcos market share of 4%, a video projector, 23% and 55% of the data projector artistic production projector.Barcos main competitors, Sony, Electrohome and NEC.In my opinion, scrap the BD700 and star new high-end projector is the smarter choice. His strongest competitor, Sony develops a new product 1270 super data projector and trade show in the Boston. It is a high-performance graphics applications and low price. From the Table A Product Segment Growth, 1988, we can find that Graphics predicted annual growth, 1989-1994 were 40.2% from 1988 4% units. entropy only grows 12.3% from 1988 33% units. Its mean graphics market growth is more than Datas market growth. The BD700 is BarcoData700. Datas market is growing slowly. That means new product BD700 is fail product and fail in the market. Thats why I agree scrap the BD700. I will show more analyze in my product life cycle. And BG400 (B arcoGraphics400) is old model. If 1270 go in the market, BG400 will be kick-off from the market, because BG400 is the high price and low bene view product when 1270 come in. To star new high-end projector it is the smarter choice. Barco can develop new-product like as BG800 or upgrading BG700. In the respite marketing, Barco need to detainment pursuing top of the line in the high-end niche market and declining the prices, and Barco can win keister the private-enterprise(a) edgy.Mission StatementHigh quality, high engine room, popular, and five stars customers service, are all in ours product.Three levels of productProjector is popular in the world, especially graphics projector. Projector is used in the class by the professors and very important in multimedia instruction. Thats the core customer value. Its customers needs. And in these customers, when they chose the projectors they are care about the shuffling name, features, quality level, packaging, and design, its customers wants, these are actual product. And most customers are actually care about the band name, features, quality level, packaging, and design, and these are actual product. The features are the points Barcos new high-end projectors positioning, and also it is customer wants. In the Actual product, I will focus on the features, Barcos BG800 projector is new scanning oftenness and new tubes than the 1270 the BG800 with at least 90kHz of scanning frequency and new tubes (p 249). Barco is famous brand name in the worldwide. Sony, it is not a profession projector brand. guests will choose the professional brand-Barco. However, in the augmented product, customers want a good after-sale service and product support. In that part, Sony has good after-sale service and product support. That also is a good point for Barcos customer future cost, and collect customers education for the new-products. Also, it will become the point that customers care about when they chose the company. Barco need t o improve that part, because thats customer wants. And its customer future cost, and researcher can collect customer information and wants from the new-products in the test marketing.Barco and Sonys strengths and weaknesses. First, Barcos products have a better scan speed is higher than the Sony. Barco dealer for 20% of the box distributors and 80% of the dealers and the dealer of Sony were 50%, tank dealers, and 50% of the system dealer. And we clearly can see customer needs and wants of three levels of product. Positioning is important part of customer wants.PositioningNew high-end products are very important for Barco, its positioning on the high-performance graphics applications and middle high price like as BG800. Because Barcos strong competitor, Sonys 1270 is high-performance graphics applications and low price. Keeping high engineering, appropriate price cut, and doing market research are the good way for the new-products. The BG800 in type of consumer product is classified the shopping products. Customer would like to compare these product, features, design, brand name, quality level, and packaging. The BG800 is the one Barco develop and position for the high-end products.Product life cycleIn the product life cycle, BD700 are around developed. But BD700 is the fail product like what I said in the offshoot. But Barco already paid for the BD700 development fee and that was the sink cost. And Barco cannot take this funds back. In the product life cycle, if BD700 is the right product, it can run like the curve, keeping to spent money for introduction. But the problem is BD700 is the fail product, its wrong product. In the development, its the sink cost. Sony is in the product development area, and they can stop and decline the loss, but Barco. Right now Sonys product 1270 is passed the product development area and they will keep to resulting the product life cycle curve, introduction, growth, maturity, and Decline. The pro foregathers will between th e end of introduction and the end of decline. Barco can start to develop BG800 and also follow the curve, because BG800 is the right product right now.Possible Value PropositionsFrom the upper, we can find that BG400 is in the more prices and more benefits area. But when 1270 are come in the market. BG400 will go down to the more prices and less benefits. And the 1270 will go to the less prices and more benefits area. Its very bad for BG400. Because no one want to spoil a expensive and less benefits product. Barco will lose that market. From the positioning, BG800 will go in to the more prices and more benefits area. Thats good to fight with 1270 in the market. Customers really need the less prices and more benefits product, but some customers want more of the product, like they want and compare different brand name, features, and after-sale service. So they will choose BG800.The New-Product ontogeny ProcessIn the idea generation, Barco has many ideas. I will talk about three idea s from Barco finish the BD700, scrap the BD700 and start new high-end projector, and improve BD700. In the idea screening, I suggest Barco scrap the BD700 and start new high-end projector. If that idea is passed, Barco will continue the next part- fantasy development and testing. BG800 is show up in the concept development and testing of the new-product development process. And then, Barco can do the marketing strategy development and business analysis. In the marketing strategy development, Barco can follow the Niche market to find what they fit. Following the Niche marketing, Barco can position the BG800 to the high-performance graphics applications and middle high price. So their marketing strategy will fit at high-performance and high price or middle high price. In the Business analysis, Barco need to do more market research and collect more information from the customers, price, needs, and wants. The third step will go in to the product development like as the graph of product life cycle, beginning the product development and products introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. The test marketing is beginning on the products growth. That means in the test marketing, it is beginning on the products growth and test the new product whether or not fit in the market growth and market share. And the last part, it will star the commercialization.SWOTAnalyzing the Barcos superiority from the case, its show that Barco has two big markets the United States and Western Europe. From the Table B Geographic Segment Growth, Barco has 50% units in the United States and 36% units in the Western Europe 1988 and the predicted annual growth of each are 9% and 11.5% from 1989 to 1994. And the weakness part is the relationship with dealer. Barco hasnt the system dealer who know-how of integrate and install equipment packages. From the Table D BPSs Pricing Index, BPS has 41% direct cost and 59% gross margin, and this is the high margin. Existing dealers liked to sell BPSs prod ucts. But BPSs product is complexity. In 1989, few dealers could survive without the Sony volume an estimated 80% to 90% of professional audiovisual dealers worldwide Sony products because of reliability and low price among dealers (p. 244). Sony has a stagger of dealers and good for his product selling. The opportunity of Barcos products are high technology and famous brand in the worldwide of projectors. Barco can develop high-end product BG800 or upgrading BG700. The threat is Barco need to scrap BD700 production. It means they lose a lot of money and need more time for the new high-end product development. And they will lose a lot of market share from their competitors. If the BG800 are not fit in the market, Barco will lose and never come back.Line stretching and Line fillingBarco need to fill in the gap of Sony. Keeping the high quality and dropping the price, its the good way to fill the line of product line decisions. Right now Barco is in the high quality and high prices. And Sony is in the low prices and low quality. Sony keeps the low price and develops high quality product, 1270. If Barco develops BD700, the low price and low quality, will lose the market. If Barco scarp the BD700 and develops the high-end product BG800, it would be keep their high quality. Barco havent low price product, so he has no line filling. Barco have high price and high quality product. Barco will have line filling when he drop the price and keep high quality. decision the gap of Sony is the good way to win the battle.SummarySurviving in the competitive market is not easy. To scrap BD700 and start a new high-end product, BG800, is the smarter choice. From the analysis, Barco need to find their new product whether or not fit in the market. Finding the customers needs and wants, its very important. Barco need to redefine its target market from collecting customers feedback and competitors strategic. To position new-product, its still important for Barcos line filling. Posit ioning also use to the Possible Value Propositions, to find where the area is and where is the competitors. Understanding the product life cycle is good for losing money and scraping the fail products. The right product will follow the product life cycle curves. Understanding the SWOT, Barco has two big markets the United States and Western Europe. the weakness part is the relationship with dealer. The opportunity of Barcos products are high technology and famous brand in the worldwide of projectors. Barco can develop high-end product BG800 or upgrading BG700. The threat is Barco need to scrap BD700 production. In the line stretching and line filling part, Barco need to find his line, high prices and high quality, dropping the prices and keeping high quality are go way to filling the line of product line decisions.