Sociology and People

Hannah Wisnewski Period 4 Sociology Mr. Taylor Essays for Test 1. Clarify how folkways, mores, and laws vary in importance within American society. Give examples of each. Their importance of folkways, mores and laws within American society is that, in combination, they help maintain a civil society. Folkways are rules or standards that cover ways of thinking, feeling, and behavior but lack moral overtones. Folkways are socially accepted however not morally significant. They are norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition.But if the folkway is broken there is no moral or legal consequence. Folkways in the United States consist of supporting school activities, speaking to other students in the hall, and if male, removing hats in church. In society today we find people who always wear shorts with a suit or who talk loudly odd but society doesn’t consider them immoral. However if someone has obnoxious behavior at a party after excessive drinking can br ing in strong negative reactions from others. Mores are strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. Mores deal with morality which is the right and wrong.Mores are norms of great moral significance. Conformity to mores conveys strong social approval whereas violation conveys strong disapproval. Following folkways is generally a matter of personal choice; though conformity to mores is a social requirement. An example of a more would be if someone attends church in the nude, s/he would offend most people of that culture and be morally shunned. Laws are norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials. Folkways and mores emerge together slowly and unconsciously created whereas laws were created and enforced.Mores are an important source for laws, for instant at one point the norm against murder hadn’t been written down. Then society advanced and the norm against murder became formally defined and enforced. Folkways can lead into and become mores or laws. An ex ample of a law is smoking. Up until the 1970’s smoking when mounting health convinced many people that smoking should be limited or banned in public places. As society developed, many states picked up the law against smoking in airports, government buildings, restaurants, and other open general public places. . Which theory of deviance best explains why people do deviant acts? Why? Which theory does not explain why people do deviant acts? Why? I think the control theory best explains why people do deviant acts because they conform to social norms depends on the presence of strong bonds between individuals and society. Social bonds control the behavior of people and thus preventing deviant acts. Most people do not conform since they do not want to â€Å"lose face† with family, friends, or classmates. Control theory is broken into 4 parts first and foremost attachment.This is when an individual has strong attachment to groups or other individuals. Next is commitment whic h is great commitment to goal the more likely a person would be to conform. The commitment is greater than the commitment of people who do not believe they can compete within the system. Next in the four is involvement which is participation in approved social activities increases the probability of conformity. Besides positively focusing an individual’s time and energy and the participation p connects contact with valuable opinions.Last is belief in norms and values of society promotes conformity. This belief appropriateness for the rules of social life strengthens peoples resolve no to deviate from those norms. I think the strain theory does not explain why people do deviant acts because it is merely a hypothesis of Durkheim’s concept of anomie, whereas control is the social bonds controlling the behavior of people. There are four parts to the strain theory, first is innovation which an individual accepts the goal of success but uses illegal means to achieve it this is the most obvious type of deviant response.An example of innovation is robbery, drug dealing and other criminal acts. Next is ritualism where the individual rejects the goal but continues to use the legitimate means. This is where people go through the motions without really believing the process. This could be a teacher going through daily lessons however not caring about the way the students turn out. Retreatism is a deviant response in which both the legitimate means and the approved goals are rejected.Alcoholics and drug addicts are retreatists, thus meaning they are not successful nor seek to be successful. Rebellion is people who both reject success and the approved means for achieving it. However at the same time they additionally add a new set of goals and means. Some of the militia group members demonstrate this response. However they live alone to pursue the goal of changing society by doing deviant things, such as creating their own currency, deliberately violating gun laws, and threatening violent behavior against law enforcement. . America’s prisons are at a crisis. Explain how bad the prison problem has become. What are some alternatives to prison? How would you solve the prison crisis? The problem with the prisons is that they have become increasingly over populated. Some alternatives to prison are a combination of prison and probation which a mixed or split sentence known as shock probation which is designed to shock offenders into recognizing the realities of prison life. Prisoner’s serve part of their sentence in an institution and rest on probation.Another alternative is a community-based program. These programs are designed to reintroduce criminals into society. At this time the prisoners will have the opportunity to become part of society however under professional guidance and supervision. The next alternative is diversion strategy which is aimed at preventing, or greatly reducing the offender’s involvement in the c riminal justice system. This alternative involves a referral to a community-based treatment program rather than a prison or a probationary program.If I could solve the prison crisis personally I would just build more prisons out in the middle of nowhere so I can keep everyone safe and protected. I feel like if an individual is in prison for something they have done then they deserve to be there away from society. Personally I don’t feel like going from prison to prohibition really does much because who’s to say they will not commit crime again? Maybe this time even worse than the last because the individual (criminal) could want revenge.

Extent and Causes of Unemployment and Inactivity in the UK Today Essay

An economy population can be divided into two groups, the economically active and those economically inactive. The Economically Active is referred to the part of a countries’ population that is willing and able to work. This includes those that are unemployed and those that are currently and actively engaged in a particular job. The rate of unemployment is defined as the percentage of the unemployed that are unemployed and actively seeking for one. In this essay, I am going to discuss the extent of unemployment in the UK today. I am going to critically address the extent of unemployment by comparing geographical regions, sex, race, age groups and educational achievement. Then in order to conclude the extent of unemployment, I will argue about the true level of unemployment questioning both the weaknesses LSF and Claimant Count in measuring these challenges. The second section of this essay, I will state the 3 causes of unemployment in the UK and 3 reasons for inactivity. Then I shall evaluate the credible of the Coalition’s The Work Programme. Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for work but unable to find one. In the UK today the current rate of unemployment is 8. 3% according to the Office of National Statistics (ONS). It shows that there is a 17years high unemployment in the UK. The ‘UK unemployment rose by 129,000 in the three months to September to 2. 62 million’ also ‘youth unemployment is now at 1. 02 million’. There are four main types of unemployment. There are two different measure of unemployment in the UK today. They are the Claimant Count and International Labour Organisation (ILO) LFS survey. The Claimant count is UK’s most timely measure. It measures the amount of people who are claiming benefit but are actively seeking employment. It does not take into consideration of those on disability benefit neither does it take account of people who do not claim the allowance. ILO makes use of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) to measures everyone without a job and has looked for work in the past four weeks and willing to start work in the next two weeks. ‘Unemployed persons include those who did not work at all during the survey week, and who were looking for work’. The faults in these two measures bring up the question of the extent and the true level of unemployment in the UK today. The Job Seekers Allowance (JSA) is means-tested and it depends on household income, this means husband or wife who have partner earning above a certain income are not included. It also does include people under the age of 18, therefore excluding 16 and 17 years olds who left education at post-16, this part of the economy should not be ignored by the JSA because these groups of individuals usually have low-levels of human capital there for potentially high unemployment rate amongst these groups. High youth unemployment shows underlying structural problems in the UK today. Therefore the JSA does not represent the true level of unemployment because there are people seeking work and are not included in JSA or/and counted as unemployed. The official measure also has its own faults. The LFS survey is a monthly questionnaire of 60,000 people. They are asked if they have been searching for work and would be able to take up work in the next two weeks. This measure usually gives a higher figure than the claimant count. Although the questions asked sticks to the UK’s definition of unemployment there are also problems with the measure. The survey has potential for error in sampling data in sampling 60,000 people and even most importantly people might not actually say the truth about their situation. Apart from the faults in the measures of unemployment, another issue is that there is a possibility that those classed as unemployed might actual be working. There will be a population of the economic inactive that receives unemployment benefit but still work in the black economy. According to the ONS, an individual is defined as Economical Inactive when they are ‘not in work and do not meet the internationally agreed definition of unemployment’. They are people without jobs who have not actively sought work in the last four weeks and/or are not available to start work in the next two weeks†. Inactivity in the UK accounts for 21. 3% of the working age-adults. The economically inactive include students, the sick and disabled retirees, homemakers and people who have not searched for jobs in the last 4 weeks – the main issue in the UK are these groups who are voluntary unemployment. ONS There are different viewpoints that will be addressed in evaluating the extent of unemployment amongst gender, geographical regions, race, age and educational attainment. ONS statistics show that the extent of unemployment amongst region varies in the UK. Over the period of July to September, this year, the highest unemployment rate was North East with 11. 6% of the population unemployed. It is followed by Yorkshire and Humber with 10. 6% of their economically active population. Over the same time period the south-east had the least rate of 6. 3 per cent. In the case of gender, In April 2011 female unemployment went up by 64,000, while male unemployment went down by 69,000’. Despite this statistics, the unemployment rate for men has risen faster than that of women while the economic upturns of males have dropped faster than that of females. Unemployment amongst Pakistani/Bangladeshi groups is the highest amongst people of different races with unemployment rate. The lowest are the whites British. Unemployment amongst people in further education is that they are more likely to be unemployment than university graduates over non-graduates. There has been a recent media attention to unemployment amongst 16-24 year old which has recently hit a record high with 20. 6% of that population without jobs. Another age group that is highly affect are the over 50’s, according to AgeUK, this age group is currently suffering from a 10 year high which most likely will be those in in long term unemployment. I feel the government must lay down a good foundation for a better job market for older people before forcing them to work longer. One of the Coalition government strategies to tackle this is The Work Programme which I am going to evaluate its effectiveness and credibility later in this essay. There are many causes of unemployment for example, recession, lack of skills, and lack of information, over-regulating, decline in industries, willingness to work and discriminating factors. Cause of Inactivity on the other hand is disability and leniency of the welfare system toward the voluntary capable economically inactive. Recession is a downturn in the economy of a country. It’s a drastic fall in countries GDP. One of the causes of unemployment In the UK today is the recent recession according to the BBC; the recent recession had a deep impact on jobs. According to the CIPD, the recession caused a loss of 1. 3 million jobs. The reason why unemployment rises is because during a recession, output and demand falls, firms cost optimise by cutting down on unnecessary expenditure or they resource optimise by reduce unnecessary workforce. The effect of resource optimisation leads to a rise in unemployment as there are less job positions in the economy. When unemployment increases, this can worsen the recession since there will be lower aggregate demand and lower growth rates in the economy. Although one can argue that the UK economy has survived the recession we are still being affected by loss of jobs that the 2008 recession caused. Generally, I think the economic decline is one of the main causes of unemployment today. Another cause of unemployment is the lack of demand for workers. The demand for worker is derived from the demand for goods and services therefore the bigger issue might be people not spending. This is a big issue because of the lack of jobs that people want. The government is trying to get the inactive active and the unemployed employed but the question is that are there any jobs for these people after they have been trained? One could argue that it is because businesses are not creating jobs there they are very few jobs that people might want to do in the economy. The leniency of the benefit system in the UK is the main cause of inactivity. People know that with jobs they can depend on the welfare state. The government aim to get people out of poverty can also affect the economy because of the unemployment trap. This is a situation whereby unemployment benefit acts as a deterrent or causes lack of motivation for an unemployed or an inactive individual in the labour to take up jobs or advantage his skills or perhaps in the case of an inactive individual gain necessary skills to enter the job market. Another cause of inactivity is disability in the UK. People claiming disability and sick benefit, these groups of people are also class. Another cause of inactivity is people retiring (65% men and 62% women). Apart from this, men are more likely than females to be classed as sick or disabled but women are more likely than men to be looking after the home and family. Statistics show that 26% of UK economically inactive people would like to work. Another main cause is the lack of education and training, especially currently in the UK, the government scrapping schemes like Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA), this will act as a disincentive for people wanting to entering education. With issues such as this, young people will be affected because the lack of post-16 education will mean they are more likely to end up in a dead-end job. There are special skills needed for certain type of jobs. To become a doctor, one has to go through years of education to be full qualified. The years of education and training are their specialist skills are gained. Statistics show that the opt-in rates of people entering into higher education will reduce because of the lack of EMA which might affect these people that refuse to participate in education in the future. ‘The Work Programme is a major new payment-for-results welfare-to-work programme†¦ Along with the Universal Credit benefit reforms, it is central to the Coalition Government’s ambitious programme of welfare reform. The simple aim of the programme is to cut down the United Kingdom long-term unemployment. The strategy the coalitional government is to pay private firms to make the process easier. The government believes it will be cheaper in the long run to pay these private firms rather than pay for benefits. According to the programme, an estimated 605, 000 people will go through the programme. In 2011/2012 in the year 2012/13 it aims at 565,000. Providers include companies like Working Links, Triage A4E, Serco and many more. The government has awarded a least two providers in every region. These private firms the government outsources the job is referred to as providers. Providers are paid totally on results. The idea is to create for the workers a sustainable job outcome for those participating. The longer an individual stays in work the more the providers get paid, therefore creating an incentive for these firms to provide continuous support for participant. One could argue that the scheme helps tackle the challenges of unemployment because there are special skills needed for certain type of jobs. The problem with The Work Programme is that it could be used to generate cheap labour for dead-end jobs. Because it will be based on payment by results, the providers will do their best to make sure they are correct and therefore get their fee. Another problem with the scheme is that it doesn’t have much difference from other schemes. I think it will strengthen the competition for ‘job ready’ participant and these are people who are likely to have got the jobs anyways. The difference is that the provider will be able to claim a larger fee compared to previous schemes. There are few other problems with this reform, this reform is largely untested and it is not big enough of a scale to make a serious dent in the problem. The worry is that providers will end up picking individuals who are more likely to get jobs and therefore ignore the unemployment ‘black spots’. Another issue with it is that there is an assumption that unemployed are bunch of people that ready to work. The vast majority of unemployed are involuntary, many have the wrong skills and in the wrong geographical location. Also some of these people are ill health to be at work. According to the study done by the London School of Economics it showed that the providers will miss the set targets by 90%. I think the introduction of ruthless competition could also lead to companies going after the same jobs and therefore not benefitting people that it was for in the first place. It could end up being a revenue or sales maximisation aims rather than actual target people like the long term unemployed who are further down the unemployment scale. For The Work Programme to really succeed, I think these organisations need to make sure they take on people that have been in long term unemployment: people that have grown comfortable with life on benefits. The government also needs to start creating jobs. One can question the fact the scheme will succeed when there isn’t actual jobs for these people in the first place or at least job that they want to do. With the average of six to every vacancy the government has got a lot to do. According to a new research by the Social Market Foundation (SMF), the paper is called, Will the Work Programme work? This paper scrutinises the viability of the Work Programme by predicting the performance of the firms providing the programme during its first three years of it being active. This forecast will be based on the welfare-to-work scheme called the Flexible New Deal. This is the predecessor to the Work Programme. According SMF analysis, it suggests that the providers will not meet their set minimum expectations in the first 2 years of the programme and even in the third year 22 out of the 24 FND providers would fail to meet the requirements for the scheme. The department has threatened to lapse the contract of providers who don’t meet the benchmark set. This further threatened the credibility of the scheme. According to the Chris Grayling, the Employment Minister states that dismiss this research as â€Å"flawed†. He claimed that it is possible to compare DWP to FND. His argument is centred around the fact that FND involves different groups of Jobseekers to DWP and therefore one should not compare both schemes. One can argue that the Flexible New Deal is more effective because its analysis is carefully based on comparable groups of long term unemployment which is the target group helped by the DWP. Although these groups of job seeker are easily comparable, the different between the schemes remain. Even on the optimistic assumption, it concludes these DWP performances are not realistic for most providers. The Work and Pension committee of the House of Commons recently demand clarity over the Work programme have come up with these challenging target and many of the providers have expressed their doubts the unrealistic targets of the scheme. Also in the recent economic climate, claimant count has increased by a significant value since the bid of the Work Programme were invited and I think don’t think the future is precarious or do not agree on its being a credible solution. I also think to find a credible solution to tackling unemployment. DWP has to revise its minimum performance expectations and perhaps introduce a more credible incentive for its providers. It could also establish greater transparency about how to derive its estimates of minimum performance and also make clear how this might vary if economic condition deteriorates this will therefore create greater accountability and certainty. When this is done, I think The Work Programme will then be a credible solution to tackling unemployment.

Deception Point Page 97

Rachel inserted the entire stack into the hydrolab's fax machine. Knowing only a few fax numbers by heart, she had limited choices, but she had already made up her mind who would be receiving these pages and her note. Holding her breath, she carefully typed in the person's fax number. She pressed â€Å"send,† praying she had chosen the recipient wisely. The fax machine beeped. ERROR: NO DIAL TONE Rachel had expected this. The Goya's communications were still being jammed. She stood waiting and watching the machine, hoping it functioned like hers at home. Come on! After five seconds, the machine beeped again. REDIALING†¦ Yes! Rachel watched the machine lock into an endless loop. ERROR: NO DIAL TONE REDIALING†¦ ERROR: NO DIAL TONE REDIALING†¦ Leaving the fax machine in search of a dial tone, Rachel dashed out of the hydrolab just as helicopter blades thundered overhead. 119 One hundred and sixty miles away from the Goya, Gabrielle Ashe was staring at Senator Sexton's computer screen in mute astonishment. Her suspicions had been right. But she had never imagined how right. She was looking at digital scans of dozens of bank checks written to Sexton from private space companies and deposited in numbered accounts in the Cayman Islands. The smallest check Gabrielle saw was for fifteen thousand dollars. Several were upward of half a million dollars. Small potatoes, Sexton had told her. All the donations are under the two-thousand-dollar cap. Obviously Sexton had been lying all along. Gabrielle was looking at illegal campaign financing on an enormous scale. The pangs of betrayal and disillusionment settled hard now in her heart. He lied. She felt stupid. She felt dirty. But most of all she felt mad. Gabrielle sat alone in the darkness, realizing she had no idea what to do next. 120 Above the Goya, as the Kiowa banked over the stern deck, Delta-One gazed down, his eyes fixating on an utterly unexpected vision. Michael Tolland was standing on deck beside a small submersible. Dangling in the sub's robotic arms, as if in the clutches of a giant insect, hung Delta-Two, struggling in vain to free himself from two enormous claws. What in the name of God!? Equally as shocking an image, Rachel Sexton had just arrived on deck, taking up a position over a bound and bleeding man at the foot of the submersible. The man could only be Delta-Three. Rachel held one of the Delta Force's machine guns on him and stared up at the chopper as if daring them to attack. Delta-One felt momentarily disoriented, unable to fathom how this possibly could have happened. The Delta Force's errors on the ice shelf earlier had been a rare but explainable occurrence. This, however, was unimaginable. Delta-One's humiliation would have been excruciating enough under normal circumstances. But tonight his shame was magnified by the presence of another individual riding with him inside the chopper, a person whose presence here was highly unconventional. The controller. Following the Delta's kill at the FDR Memorial, the controller had ordered Delta-One to fly to a deserted public park not far from the White House. On the controller's command, Delta-One had set down on a grassy knoll among some trees just as the controller, having parked nearby, strode out of the darkness and boarded the Kiowa. They were all en route again in a matter of seconds. Although a controller's direct involvement in mission operations was rare, Delta-One could hardly complain. The controller, distressed by the way the Delta Force had handled the kills on the Milne Ice Shelf and fearing increasing suspicions and scrutiny from a number of parties, had informed Delta-One that the final phase of the operation would be overseen in person. Now the controller was riding shotgun, witnessing in person a failure the likes of which Delta-One had never endured. This must end. Now. The controller gazed down from the Kiowa at the deck of the Goya and wondered how this could possibly have happened. Nothing had gone properly-the suspicions about the meteorite, the failed Delta kills on the ice shelf, the necessity of the high-profile kill at the FDR. â€Å"Controller,† Delta-One stammered, his tone one of stunned disgrace as he looked at the situation on the deck of the Goya. â€Å"I cannot imagine†¦ â€Å" Nor can I, the controller thought. Their quarry had obviously been grossly underestimated. The controller looked down at Rachel Sexton, who stared up blankly at the chopper's reflective windshield and raised a CrypTalk device to her mouth. When her synthesized voice crackled inside the Kiowa, the controller expected her to demand that the chopper back off or extinguish the jamming system so Tolland could call for help. But the words Rachel Sexton spoke were far more chilling. â€Å"You're too late,† she said. â€Å"We're not the only ones who know.† The words echoed for a moment inside the chopper. Although the claim seemed far-fetched, the faintest possibility of truth gave the controller pause. The success of the entire project required the elimination of all those who knew the truth, and as bloody as the containment had turned out to be, the controller had to be certain this was the conclusion. Someone else knows†¦ Considering Rachel Sexton's reputation for following strict protocol of classified data, the controller found it very hard to believe that she would have decided to share this with an outside source. Rachel was on the CrypTalk again. â€Å"Back off and we'll spare your men. Come any closer and they die. Either way, the truth comes out. Cut your losses. Back off.† â€Å"You're bluffing,† the controller said, knowing the voice Rachel Sexton was hearing was an androgynous robotic tone. â€Å"You have told no one.† â€Å"Are you ready to take that chance?† Rachel fired back. â€Å"I couldn't get through to William Pickering earlier, so I got spooked and took out some insurance.† The controller frowned. It was plausible. â€Å"They're not buying it,† Rachel said, glancing at Tolland. The soldier in the claws gave a pained smirk. â€Å"Your gun is empty, and the chopper's going to blow you to hell. You're both going to die. Your only hope is to let us go.† Like hell, Rachel thought, trying to assess their next move. She looked at the bound and gagged man who lay at her feet directly in front of the sub. He looked delirious from loss of blood. She crouched beside him, looking into the man's hard eyes. â€Å"I'm going to take off your gag and hold the CrypTalk; you're going to convince the helicopter to back off. Is that clear?† The man nodded earnestly. Rachel pulled out the man's gag. The soldier spat a wad of bloody saliva up into Rachel's face. â€Å"Bitch,† he hissed, coughing. â€Å"I'm going to watch you die. They're going to kill you like a pig, and I'm going to enjoy every minute.† Rachel wiped the hot saliva from her face as she felt Tolland's hands lifting her away, pulling her back, steadying her as he took her machine gun. She could feel in his trembling touch that something inside him had just snapped. Tolland walked to a control panel a few yards away, put his hand on a lever, and locked eyes with the man lying on the deck. â€Å"Strike two,† Tolland said. â€Å"And on my ship, that's all you get.† With a resolute rage, Tolland yanked down on the lever. A huge trapdoor in the deck beneath the Triton fell open like the floor of a gallows. The bound soldier gave a short howl of fear and then disappeared, plummeting through the hole. He fell thirty feet to the ocean below. The splash was crimson. The sharks were on him instantly. The controller shook with rage, looking down from the Kiowa at what was left of Delta-Three's body drifting out from under the boat on the strong current. The illuminated water was pink. Several fish fought over something that looked like an arm.

My personal statements Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My statements - Personal Statement Example This will enable me pursue my dream career and enable me to make significant contributions in the area of study. My educational qualifications are outstanding and in line with the requirements for the Masters in Agriculture Economics. I attended Bashu High School in China between September 2006 and July 2009 and got my high school degree. Since I am a foreign student, I studied English as my second language at the Central Center for English as a Second Language (CESL), University of Arizona between January 2010 and May 2010. I hope to complete my Bachelor, Major in Agriculture Economic and Management, Minor in Japanese and Administration management between August 2010 and May 2014 (expected). This proves that I have the intellectual capabilities to pursue the Masters in Agricultural Economics. Additionally, I have pursued other courses that are related to the field of agricultural economics that will positively towards my course. These courses make up important aspects of the course I need to study. These courses include future goods, financial management in agribusiness and a biology plant course (James, 2013). This goes ahead to prove my extensive knowledge in agricultural economics. I have two years experience in weed control, proficiency in English, Japanese and Chinese. I am also highly skilled in various computer applications and this will help me in conducting research in various topics in the agricultural economics. My work experience as an accounting assistant in Accountant assistant Chongqing Bank between June 2010 and December 2010 helped me gain valuable lessons in the field of economics and also enabled me to develop teamwork and leadership skills. I was also a leader of the Agricultural Club in high school and this further developed my interest in Agriculture. I enjoy outdoor activities and sports and this has facilitated how I manage my time between learning and extra- curricular activities. I have been able to combine sports and excel in

Recruitment Selection & Placement class; Case Study 1 Essay

Recruitment Selection & Placement class; Case Study 1 - Essay Example By focusing on people, the company has also identified the procedures and practices of people that affect the company’s productivity, turnover, profitability and sales. The primary sources of success of McDonalds are customer satisfaction, high valuation of its employees, good execution of excellent strategy and identifying people techniques and practices that significantly affect the company’s productivity, turnover, profitability, sales and customer service. The satisfaction of its customers relies on the quality of service that they obtain from the employees and the ability of the employees to serve the customers accurately and quickly. Another source of success is the value that the company attaches to its employees. The company constantly reminds its workers that they, together with their contributions and growth, are highly valued. McDonalds also ensures that the employees have what is necessary for the performance of tasks. It ensures this through training the team members. The company also attains success through tracking the key pointers of product and service quality, accuracy and speed. McDonald attains has aligned its business, human resources and staffing strategies by identifying the practices and techniques of people that have a significant effect on its productivity, turnover, profitability, sales and customer service. This, however, permits McDonald to develop a business model that not only stresses on operational and financial factors, but also people factors. This allows the improvement of worker dedication, productivity, and retention and customer loyalty (Phillips & Gully, 2012). Additionally, since the company business strategy centers on offering customers quick, quality and clean service, it employs young people, who undergo training within the company to fill its positions. Notably, in order to attain the business

Liberal Art Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Liberal Art Studies - Essay Example In these regards, rather than workers attempting to directly fight the oppressive nature of their employers they should attempt to work outside this sphere of struggle, and organize opposition that way. Today when one considers the nature of unions, it’s clear that this principles still remains a viable and working approaching to fighting workplace oppression. 2.Would absolute loyalty and unquestioned obedience be useful qualities in a modern professional community? In considering whether absolute loyalty and unquestioned obedience would be useful in a modern professional community, it’s clear that the answer is no. In blindly accepting the rules and regulations of a professional organization one allows the individuals higher on the organizational scale to make decisions unfettered by checks and balances, and allows themselves to be taken advantage of for individual and organizational profit. 3.What drawbacks, if any, might there be in a community dominated by such val ues? ? In considering potential drawbacks, it’s clear that there are a number related to a community founded on such values.

GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

GDP - Essay Example Firstly, it fails to include harmful side effects in its calculations. For instance, economic â€Å"bads† like pollution are excluded in GDP statistics. This, therefore, implies that GDP fails to take into account the social well-being of individuals as it ignores activities that affect people’s living standards. Secondly, GDP fails to take into account leisure or human costs as well as the revenue that is generated during such times. Additionally, no consideration is given to how hard individual work to produce output (Mankiw, 2012). The GDP measure also fails to take into accounts things such as love, volunteering, vibrant and supportive community and friendships even though they contribute to social well-being of individuals. Finally, GDP statistics does not take into account underground economy. These are cash transactions that occur outside of recorded marketplaces, and they can be both legal and illegal. Legal ones are undertaken to avoid taxes while illegal ones include trafficking in illegal drugs (Baumol & Blinder, 2011).   Yes, economic growth and productivity can align to Saint Leos Core Values. For instance, a country needs to put in place some policies in order to achieve high economic growth. First, the citizens need to be responsible stewards. They need to use the resources they are endowed with efficiently, effectively and economically. By putting the little resources they may be endowed with to maximum use, they will ensure that there are little or no wastages at all. Secondly, the country’s leadership should be of high integrity. This will ensure that the country excels economically and lives its goals by being consistent in economic performance. Finally, an increase in GDP indicates an economic growth that in turn results in a collective growth in well-being. Leaders should strive to create a socially responsible environment that is able to challenge every

Biological Aspects Of The Evolution Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biological Aspects Of The Evolution - Case Study Example The ancestral character is normally inherited from a distant ancestor while the derived character is one that has experienced fresh evolutionary transformation in a group. The derived characters are employed to classify species that share the trait together to signify that a common contemporary ancestor had similar traits. The sharks share a common character with the rest of the organism in the tree, which is a vertebra. This implies that all animals in the phylogenetic tree are vertebrae. The second trait that is found in all the animals except the shark is a bony skeleton that developed in Phase 2 of the tree. This makes the shark different from the other organisms. At level 3, the specific trait that is shared amongst the rest of animals is four limbs. Therefore, ray-finned fish are separated from the other animals at this stage of growth. At the development stage, 4 the common trait is an amniotic egg that is present in the remaining species. At level 5, the derived character that makes primates, rodents, and rabbits to be distinct is the existence of hair. The crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds, have one trait, which is two post-orbital fenestrae (University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2011). In conclusion, transformation in character happens in a period where traits may be acquired or become extinct.

Appropriate Police Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Appropriate Police Response - Essay Example The essay "Appropriate Police Response" tackles and discusses some of the most pressing issues facing the police on any given day during their tour of duty. In addition to having one of the highest suicide rates of any profession, police force members face daily risks which put life and limb in danger. Three major factors in police response are communications, use of force and professional community relations. Communications aspect is a very critical component of any police response to calls for help in emergency situations. This is because the responders have to judge correctly the situation before going in, such as a hostage situation. The point is that a police officer has to read the situation correctly in terms of its riskiness, analyze the threats to the public and to the police officer himself without resorting to unnecessary force. If the situation is diffused peacefully, then so much the better. Another case is when an officer sees a teenager carrying a knife in a dark and deserted alley but who has failed to respond when told to stop and drop the knife. This situation calls for a quick but critical thinking by asking a few questions: is the teenager a mentally-challenged youth who did not understand what he was doing, is the youth hearing-impaired and did not hear the pol ice officer or is this a young man newly arrived in America and does not understand even a few simple, basic English words? If mishandled, this situation can escalate and perhaps even turn tragic if miscommunication occurs.

Decolonization in West Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decolonization in West Africa - Essay Example The integration of nationalism was critical to the expression of hatred or dislike, as well as hostility against the foreign rule. It was vital to express these hostilities by individuals’ conscious of their national hood. The rise and development of African Nationalism were because of the internal and external factors. The internal factors were prevalent in Africa, thus massive or enormous contribution to the growth of patriotism in Africa. Some of these factors include colonial exploitation, roles of the African elites, the creation of imperialism, starring role of ex-soldiers, the influence of WACU, and formation or generation of civil entities.On the other hand, certain external factors such as the starring influence of Pan-African institutions, the US influence, implications of the UN, and effects of the WWII on African ex-soldiers did play critical roles in the rapid growth of African patriotism. These factors were essential in ensuring that African Nationalism was adequ ate in influencing the journey of African nations toward the achievement or realization of independence against the foreign or colonial rule. There were three critical approaches toward achievement of independence. That is through the integration of peaceful approach, war, and revolution. These approaches were vital in gaining independence from the colonial rule. In the first approach, a peaceful approach focused on the integration of peaceful protests, which were slow and steady toward winning the race to create change or realize independence.

Literature Synthesis Paper-Case study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Literature Synthesis Paper- - Case Study Example Example 1 is the most common word order in German; it is a declarative sentence and has only one main clause (Weyerts, Penke, Munte, Heinze & Clahsen 216). So the verb is in second position in a sentence that is complete and can stand alone; in other words in an independent clause. Weyerts, Penke, Munte, Heinze & Clahsen claim that â€Å" it is always a finite verb or auxiliary that appears in second position, and it only appears there in main clauses† (216). In sentence 3, the first or main clause follows the subject-verb-object order but because the second clause cannot stand alone and is dependent on the main clause the word order changes to subject-object-verb (Monaghan, Gonitzke & Chater 816). If however, the subordinate or dependent clause comes before the main or independent clause the word order is different again. For example: Sentence 4 begins with a dependent clause and because this subordinate clause is in first position it is considered to be the first part of the main clause and the word order is SVO. The verb in the main clause follows the verb in the subordinate clause because it is considered the second position in the sentence (Verstraete 616). The infinite verb in sentence 5 is ‘changed’ and has moved to the final position after the object but the finite verb ‘has’ stays in second position after the subject in main or independent clauses, which is different to English as can be seen in the translation. Another example to illustrate this ordering is Sentence 7 illustrates how instead of the finite verb being in second position and the infinite verb being in last position as seen in sentence 6, both verbs move and follow the object but the infinite verb precedes the finite verb (Monaghan, Gonitzke & Chater 816). Another example of this ordering is Sentence 8 includes a subject of the subordinate clause and further illustrates how the infinite verb follows the object and the finite verb follows the

Media and Masculinity Essay Example for Free

Media and Masculinity Essay Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami dan mendeskripsikan: (1) Konstruksi maskulinitas pada majalah laki-laki gaya hidup FHM. Tujuan tersebut dilengkapi dengan penjelasan realitas sosial yang melatarbelakangi hadirnya majalah laki-laki FHM (global dan lokal/Indonesia); (2) Konstruksi maskulinitas pembaca terkait dengan maskulinitas FHM. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma konstruktivis dengan kajian teoretis pada teori konstruksi sosial atas realitas (termasuk juga teori interaksionisme simbolik, dramaturgi dan semiotika), teori media massa dan konstruksi sosial, audiens dan pengkonstruksian makna, majalah laki-laki, dan teori-teori maskulinitas (jender). Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan sasaran studi majalah FHM, pembaca FHM di kota Solo dan Yogya, reviu media (akses internet) serta buku-buku literatur. Reviu media serta buku-buku literatur tersebut dikaitkan dengan realitas sosial yang melatarbelakangi hadirnya majalah laki-laki gaya hidup secara umum di mana FHM merupakan salah satu diantaranya. Teknik sampling yang digunakan untuk studi majalah dan pembaca adalah purposive sampling. Untuk majalah, dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik maximum variation terhadap rubrik-rubrik tetap yang menghadirkan maskulinitas yang kontradiktif dengan maskulinitas tradisional. Terbitan yang diperiksa adalah FHM edisi perdana (September 2003) s/d April 06. Hal ini dilakukan agar memperoleh gambaran variasi konstruksi maskulinitas yang secara konsisten disampaikan majalah melalui seluruh terbitannya. Setelah menemukan variasi maskulinitas tersebut peneliti membagi rubrik-rubrik tetap yang dimaksudkan ke dalam area-area maskulinitas yang mewakili mereka. Dalam masing-masing rubrik tetap, tidak  semua artikel yang ada sepanjang terbitan yang diteliti akan diambil. Tapi akan diambil artikel tertentu yang dianggap peneliti memiliki variasi ‘teks’ paling lengkap yang ditujukan untuk dapat membahas maskulinitas tertentu secara lebih komprehensif. Untuk pembaca dilakukan purposive sampling dengan kriteria pembaca yang membeli rutin majalah minimal telah membaca selama setahun serta masih berlangsung sampai dengan saat penelitian berlangsung. Pencarian pembaca ini dilakukan melalui milis fhmindonesia, agen-agen majalah dan informasi yang diperoleh dari teman. Pengumpulan data untuk studi majalah dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik analisis media yaitu menggunakan analisis wacana yang difokuskan pada jender. Sementara itu pengumpulan data untuk studi pembaca dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara mendalam dan pengamatan berperan pasif (observasi). Hasil-hasil penelitian dapat dikemukan sebagai berikut: (1) Studi terhadap majalah dan pembaca menunjukkan bahwa majalah laki-laki FHM menampilkan  progressive masculinity (androgyn). That is the masculinity which developes femininity. Yet this magazine still emphasizes the traditional masculinity. The finding which shows the masculinity proggressivity (androgyn) is: (a) Manly character â€Å"Metrosexual† (body image area); (b) â€Å"The equality pattern in the interpersonal relationship between man and women (interpersonal area); (c) The character â€Å"Emotional Man† (emotional area); (d) The character â€Å"FashionedTechno Masculinity† (intellectual area); (e) The character â€Å"Caring Man† in the sexual relationship affairs (sexual area); (f) The lost of man’s role as a breadwinner/a maker a living (functional area). The magazine presents the man’s image as â€Å"Single Blessedness Forever† owns a chance to wish of pleasure for himself and leads the exciting consumption activities; (g) The masculinity with the character â€Å"Social Butterfly† (pleasure area). (2) The progressive masculinity in the fixed rubric on sexual areas as mentioned above are also considered still emphasizing to the the traditional masculinity values: (a) Constructing manly/masculinity as a gender which is ‘having’ (‘to have’) relationship; (b) Constructing manly as a voyeur (a man obtains the sexual satisfaction from gazing woman’s sexual activities) and the texts of woman as a gazed object by man/male gazing. (3) FHM magazine is born in the middle of the rising of a new gender which is called â€Å"Metrosexual† (women-oriented man) as the influence of the success of global feminist movement. (4) Studies on the readers shows that they objectivate  the magazine’s masculinity. It means that readers accept the magazine progressive masculinity as an objective reality. The objectivation of magazine’s masculinity can not be separated from the individual masculinity experiences which are obtained through the socalization of family’s values, peer group, work surroundings, society dan the other media. This matter explains two issues: the first, the magazine’s masculinity objectivation by the readers are always negosiated by individual experiences. The second, magazine’s masculinities is not a new issues at all for the readers, but it is already observed in the daily life (peer group, work surroundings, general society) and the socialization of the other media, so, refer to that explanations the magazine functions is empahasizing the masculinity. Eventhough the magazine offers the new masculinity or the progressive masculinity at the same time, which looks contradictive against the traditional masculinity (which has been normalized), the interaction between the readers and the magazine is dynamic, a competition between push and pull. The interaction result is there is a push toward and a pulling the readers on masculinity which is offered by the magazine. (5) Studies on the readers also shows that readers objectivy traditional masculinity on sexual areas, which means that: (a) Manly/masculinity as a gender which is ‘having’ (‘to have’) relationship; (b) Manly as a voyeur (a man obtains the sexual satisfaction from gazing woman’s sexual activities) and the texts of woman as a gazed object by man/male gazing. (6) Masculinity is â€Å"a classed masculinity,† the objectivication toward the magazine’s masculinity can not happened absolutely because of the existence of some factors which are obstacles such as: economy, interest, necessity, job and marital status.

Game Mechanics in Racing Game: Research

Game Mechanics in Racing Game: Research Introduction The very first racing game built by KONAMI was Road Fighter (Konami, 1984). The goal of the game was to reach the finish line without running out of fuel. The interesting part was each time the player gets close to finish line without getting crashed; a superman flies by and the player gets extra 1000 points. If you havent noticed before, the superman has K marked on his dress, which probably stands for Konami. But, if you see from a developers point of view, the superman bonus is the result of reward and feedback game mechanics. This point bonus encourages players to play better. It makes the game more interesting and players concentrate more in order to get the bonus Superman points. Game mechanics is a huge subject. It has been used in many fields today, other than video games. Game mechanics have been used for growing the players interest and involvement in gameplay, but as the area of game mechanics became largely successful, it started being used in other fields for other purposes. With the research on game mechanics, I try to study and understand the vast game mechanics subject and its application in various fields. I have also tried to form up a definition and apply it to study gameplay in various games. At last, a thorough study of game mechanics in racing games is attempted, and I introduce a new mechanics for racing games. Research Context The example above explains the game mechanics at quite brief extent. Here, I present some definitions by various researchers as well as own thoughts, experience and some examples. Game Mechanics Definitions Different researchers provide different game mechanics definitions, most likely related to their research. Here are some of the definitions given by some authors. Miguel Sicart defines game mechanics as: Methods invoked by agents for interacting with the game world. (Sicart, 2008) Here, Sicart offered a formal definition for game mechanics as he exercises this definition with a comparative analysis of Shadow of Colossus (Team Ico, 2005), Rez (United Game Artist, 2002) and Every Extend Extra (Q Entertainment, 2006) to research game context and user experience. One of the game mechanics definitions that Sicart has mentioned in his research is by Lundgren and BjÃÆ' ¶rk (2003) as: any part of the rule system of a game that covers one, and only one, possible kind of interaction that takes place during the game, be it general or specific. The definition given by Lundgren and BjÃÆ' ¶rk covers traditional board games and puzzle games, rather than video games. However, they mention that most of the mechanics identified in their research can easily be brewed into video games played on PCs and consoles. It would have been easy to describe these game mechanics without starting from traditional games, but, starting from traditional games also opens up a way that allows easy comparison between computer-based games and non-computerized games. Mike stout (2010) explains how to come up with a better game mechanics when the gameplay is repetitive and boring. Stout describes game mechanics as A major chunk of gameplay. He gives an example of The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past (Nintendo, 1991) and the game mechanics used in the game like: sword combat, block pushing, boomerang throwing, swimming, button based puzzles, Hazard-avoidance, etc. (Stout, 2010) Amy Jo Kim explains game mechanics applied in functional softwares and social media as The system and features that makes games fun, compelling and addictive. Kim also explains how game mechanics is brewed into social media like eBay, Facebook, YouTube etc, (Kim, 2009). Game mechanics is a subject that is used in many fields other than video games like, social media, social games and entertainment, consumer products and services etc. Game Mechanics in Social Media Social media sites like facebook.com, eBay.com, youtube.com etc. Implements game mechanics at a very large scale. Amy Jo Kim (2009) explains how collection, points, exchange, feedback and customization mechanics is implemented in social media. For example, ebay.com gives rating and feedback score to the sellers based on the feedback received from customers or buyers. The feedback is accessible through sellers profile page where any user can check the ratings and score. This mechanics improves the seller services. Tesco PLC has implemented point mechanics to attract more customers. The customer gets certain points for purchases made at Tesco shops through Tesco Clubcard. Later, they can redeem points for other offers of items. Tesco makes various offers available through Clubcard points which drive customers to purchase more products. (Tesco, 2010) Jesse Schell (2010) presented multiple examples of game mechanics used in non-game media in his presentation Design outside the Box at DICE Summit 2010. Schell mentions new Ford Fusion hybrid car that comes with an EcoGuide facility, which is basically an implementation of feedback mechanics. Its a virtual plant in techno meter; the plant sprouts more leaves as your miles-per gallon go up, indicating how green your motoring is. (Goodwin, 2009) Here, feedback mechanics is used in such a way that might affect the way people drive their car and possibly encourage them to drive in an eco-friendly way. MouseHunt (HitGrab, 2008) and other facebook games are mainly based on points, feedback, collection, and customization mechanics and MouseHunt can be the best example of it. The player is required to build a mouse trap to catch mice and when a mouse is caught, the player is awarded with points and gold. The game keeps a track of points and gold on leaderboard. The mice caught by the player are added in his collection. Game Mechanics in Mainstream Games Quake (id Software, 1996) popularized rocket jumping mechanics. Rocket jumping is the technique of firing a rocket launcher or similar explosive pointing at the ground or at wall and jumping at the same time. The explosion propels and accelerates the players jump to large distance. Rocket jumping mechanics was introduced in Marathon (Bungie, 1994) and Rise of the Triad (Apogee, 1994), adapted in Team Fortress 2 (Valve, 2007) Unreal Tournament (Epic Games, 1999) and others. (Wikipedia, 2010) Another popular game mechanics is slow motion. The gameplay of Max Payne (Rockstar, 2001) involves bullet time-based action sequences. Bullet time slows the passage of time down to a certain level and enables the player to perform special moves. Time based mechanics is also one of the main features in later versions of Prince of Persia series (Ubisoft, 2003). This mechanics makes the prince able to slow down or rewind the time and perform special combat moves. Portal (Valve, 2007) is a single player Puzzle-Platformer game that consists primarily of a series of puzzles that must be solved by teleporting the players character and simple objects using the portal gun, a unit that can create inter-spatial portal between flat planes. The game received praise for its unique gameplay and darkly humorous story. Portal seems a perfect combination of Challenge and Skills, though its gameplay consist teleportation based puzzles only. The gameplay contains no combat sequence or rocket jumping or slow motion. Kill.switch (Namco, 2003) introduced cover and shoot mechanics which was adapted into Gears of War (Epic Games, 2006). As described by Miguel Sicart (2008) Gears of War introduced an effective combat tactic where the player takes cover behind a block or a pillar and patiently shoots enemies. This third-person combat design also influenced Grand Theft Auto IV (RockStar North, 2008) and became highly popular. But Grand Theft Auto series is more popular for its variety of gameplay which consist of action, adventure, driving, racing, and stealth elements. The GTA series is also a good example of open world type of video game level design concept where a player can roam the virtual world at any point in the game. It also contains sandbox style nonlinear gameplay where the player can complete challenges in any sequence. The Game sold 2.5 million units in the America on the first day. (Mazel, 2008) The roots of open-world game concept go back to space simulator Elite (Acornsoft, 1984). However, we get to see open-world gameplay implementations in Midtown Madness (Microsoft, 1999), Need for Speed Underground 2 (EA Games, 2005) and Burnout Paradise (EA, 2008) as well. Game Mechanics in Racing Games The main gameplay in racing game is driving the car. However, many racing games offer various gameplay that are unique to the game itself. Need for speed: Underground (EA Games, 2003) has a unique win condition. The player has to finish the race at first place only in order to win the race, even if there are more than two players playing. This finish-first only mechanics deliberately increased the challenge level in the game. Underground emphasis heavily on import racing scene and featured vehicles associated with it. Cars can be customized to increase performance and visuals. Underground also featured EA Trax (EA Games) which is a collection of soundtracks. Overall, Need for Speed Underground contains multiple game mechanics that appealed many racing game lovers. According to VGChartz.com, the game sold 6.49 million units of PS2 version of the game till date. (VGChartz, 2010) Trials HD (RedLynx, 2009) is a combination of puzzle and stunt bike driving. It doesnt have any competitive race, as in the player has to get through a number of obstacles with as few crashes as possible. The challenge in the game is to balance and control the speed so that the player can pass through obstacles successfully. The game uses 3D graphics but the player can only more forward and backwards. However, the player can lean front or back to perform special moves or stunts. With such limited movement, the controls are also made simple. Trials HD also has a leaderboard feature, and when connected to Xbox Live, the player can compare his progress with his friends. Split Second (Disney, 2010) introduced destructive environment, which, when triggered by player it creates obstacles for other players. As a player performs stunts like drafting, drifting or precision driving, the powerplay meter builds up which allows the player to trigger special events like creating obstacles, enabling shortcuts or altering the race track entirely. High speed racing, imported cars, customization, stunts, crashes and motion blur can be noted as features of a racing game required to make it best selling. Burnout (Acclaim Entertainment, 2002) is noted as the initial in a series of high-speed racing games which also includes high risk gameplay mechanics. Burnout paradise (EA, 2008), the recent release in burnout series, features an open world environment called Paradise City, with day-night cycle. Game Mechanics include stunts, car crashes, and motorcycles. A very player favourite and famous gameplay is Crash Mode in which players can cause car crashes. However, in burnout paradise, the Crash Mode is called Showtime and records are kept for players biggest crash. The game contains best time for every street in the game which encourages the player to keep on driving to get the best time. Recently released blur (Activision, 2010) incorporates real world cars with arcade style handling and vehicular combat. It introduces a completely new type of gameplay to the current racing genre. However, it is brewed with the power ups mechanics that has been used in many games. It also uses the ranking and perk system. The race starts without a count-down timer which is currently popular; we can see such game mechanics in Split second and need for speed series. Results and Contribution The Definition I would like to give a brief explanation rather than a definition. It is possible that this has been mentioned some or other way in many articles. Game mechanics is a set of rules that builds a specific gameplay which makes the game more challenging, interesting and player-involving. Game mechanics can also introduce new ideas or variety within a game, which ultimately makes a game fun. Game mechanics can be used to build up such a gameplay that motivates or manipulates human behaviour. The definition explained here has been used to study and understand the game mechanics and gameplay in a variety of games mentioned in the research. Game Mechanics In Racing Genre When it comes to racing games, speed is everything. The faster the gameplay is, the more the excitement, interest and challenge will be. In a racing game, the player is not given a high performance car at the beginning of the game, but as he levels up in the game, faster cars or performance upgrades that can boost up the speed are unlocked. This mechanism creates a need of high performance car, and as the player progresses further, the game feels more rewarding. Free roam mode or open world environment plays a crucial part in racing games. Player gets a chance to explore the environment and start the race whenever he wants to, which gives a realistic feeling to the game. Players usually get attracted towards imported cars. Car customization has become an important feature of racing games. Models of original cars are highly praised by players and. They have a tendency to customize their cars and show off as well. Leaderboards allow players to compare their best times, high score and achievements, which also keeps a player engaged in game. Challenge is not the only element a player is looking for in racing games. A number of games provides stunts and car crash based gameplay. Trials HD (RedLynx, 2009) and Burnout series (Criterion Games) are good examples of it. Player can drive through a signboard or perform a stunt in burnout paradise to gain extra boost, where Trials HD is all about passing through obstacles by performing stunt moves. Such game mechanics inserts the element of fun in games. A few arcade style racing games have been avoiding the use of start up countdown. The round starts with ongoing race and the player gains control of the car after a cut scene. This type of mechanics is seen in triple-A titles like Blur and Split second. However, Simulation style racing games, where the realism is more persistent, follows the traditional countdown start-up of a race. Need for speed underground featured finish-first only mechanics. In order to win the round, the player has to finish at first place and first place only. This increases the challenge at a high degree, but it also seemed to be improving the player skills. Other notable game mechanics or gameplay features includes motion blur, car pursuit, allowing player to create tracks etc. Music and soundtracks also play an important part in making the game more interesting. Who wouldnt listen to hip hop or rock music while driving ones favourite car at top speed? It is believed that EA Trax has played an important part in the success of Need for Speed series. Gameplay is designed by brewing multiple game mechanics together. There is no specific recipe to make a best-selling racing game, but a game with various gameplay is more likely get popular. Developing a new Game Mechanic for Racing Games Whether a player is performing stunts, chasing a car, trying to make a huge crash score, or just playing a normal race, the core element is speed. Wouldnt it be great if a car never lose speed unless it is commanded to? Here, I have attempted to come up with such a game mechanic. During a race, if a player hits an obstacle, the car will lose health points but not the speed; the car will continue running throughout the track without losing its speed. However, massive loss in health points will ultimately result the player lose the round. The game presented here demonstrates the game mechanics with some other features as well. The demo consists of a single straight track. Instead of solid obstacles, the player will face white ghosts on track. On colliding with a ghost, the car will go through it but will lose health points. The race does not start with a countdown; instead it begins with the player car running at minimum speed; which increases the challenge from the beginning. On the other hand, if the player runs out of health, or fails to finish the race at first place, he loses the round. But, if the player finishes at first place without losing any health points, he wins a perfect finish. The demo also features some power ups. If the player picks up a health pack, the car health is restored. Slow motion slows down the game, allowing player to easily move through ghosts. Once activated, the game runs in slow motion for 10 seconds. Another power up is a shield which protects player from getting hurt by ghosts or opponent cars. The shield, once activated, stays active for 5 seconds. Shield provides a great advantage. When activated, the car will run 2 points slower than the real speed. Opponents do not collide or influence the players game; however, if collided with opponent cars, the player car will lose health. Evaluation Game Mechanics The following racing mechanics have been implemented into the demo, speed mechanics, power ups, random obstacle mechanics, competition mechanics, countdown less start up and finish first only. The gameplay was changed regularly as the demo was forming up in order to get the optimum effect of the mechanics. Multiple values were changed to improve the difficulty and challenge. However, it was also ensured that the difficulty is not far above the ground. Besides game mechanics, the gameplay can be improved with better feedback, graphical and visual effects, music and sound, more rewards or other bells and whistles. The Gameplay A game demo or a beta version of a game is made for testing purposes. The developers would test the graphics, frame rate or overall performance. Here, the game demo was made for an identical aim. The game demo was given to a group of game enthusiasts. Afterwards the reaction of the players towards the game mechanics was observed. The demo has a look and feel of classic road fighter (Konami, 1984) and the players did miss the superman bonus point. Random obstacles increased the challenge; it made the demo interesting as well. The demo has proved to be an ideal combination of challenge and skill. The players had to concentrate more in order to achieve the perfect finish; several players attempted more tactical approach to win the race. When asked about each feature of the game separately, the replies were encouraging and prove the success of the demo. User Comments Here are some comments given by players who tried the game demo. The game is quiet good; the ghosts were terrible as they ate up all my health in the first round. I rate it 4 out of 5. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Pratik Solanki The concept was different from other games, though the difficulty level was maintained throughout the demo. It seemed easy to win the game, but it was tough to achieve the perfect finish. 3.5 out of 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Kushal Joshi The game gets addictive as soon as you start playing   Dirk Fortmeier The Research Game development is not quite possible without understanding game mechanics. Gameplay is an important factor that attracts a player. The research on game mechanics helped to understand why a particular gameplay is more interesting and player involving.

Roles and Activities of a Manager- Comparison of Theories

Roles and Activities of a Manager- Comparison of Theories Hayley Work    The main roles and activities of a manager are: Managers should run an organisation by organising structures, people and finances. Peter Drucker identified five activities of a manager, these are; Setting objectives- Robin Fraser is responsible for all production and quality assurance he aims to make processes less labour intensive and more automated. In order to achieve this, he has secured a investment from the bank and plans to use these funds to increase automation.[1] Organising- Hazim Khan analyses sales trends of different products and after assessing customer feedback in order to make sure that the company keeps with the changing market. Hazim is in charge of a team of chefs who develop new products and recipes.[2] Motivating and communicating- Hazim also demonstrates this activity, he allows his team of chefs to work independently on their ideas but regularly meets with them to discuss any problems and ideas.[3] Measuring- Laura Bolton is focused on the companys finances and keeps an eye on the cash flow of the business. [4] Developing- Kathryn Hannah encourages staff to undertake training in order the ensure that staff have all the skills that the business requires.[5] Henry Mintzberg identified ten management roles which are then divided up into three categories. Category Roles Manager Interpersonal Figurehead Leader Liaison David Fraser Informational Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson Kathryn Hannah Laura Bolton Hazim Khan Decisional Entrepreneur Disturbance Handler Resource Allocator Negotiator Robin Fraser Hazim Khan Measuring managerial effectiveness Fraser Foods can measure managerial effectiveness by motivation and morale of the staff, this would be put to good use in the shop floor. Here the work is repetitive and can be challenging due to the temperatures needed to produce hygienic food. The teams are set targets but have the freedom to decide how they will achieve this, working this way has increased staff morale and flexibility. [6] Another way to measure managerial effectiveness would be by the level of complaints. Fraser Foods could distribute anonymous feedback forms asking questions about how the staff feel about the manager and why. The company would then be able to grasp how well the manager is performing. Behavioural theory of leadership. Macgregors Theory X and Theory Y both assume the behaviours of different management styles. A Theory X manager assumes that staff dislikes work, need directed, avoid any responsibility, dull, uncreative, have no desire, see money as the only motivation for work and view goals and objectives as caging. [7] David Fraser could be described as a Theory X manager, David also felt it was his role to make all the decisions affecting production. He didnt see the need to involve staff and believed they preferred to be told what to do and didnt want the responsibility that was the managers job, not theirs. He believed staff were motivated by money and should be paid bonuses if targets were exceeded[8] Contingency theory of leadership A contingency theory is based on the belief that there is no style of leadership that is applicable to all situations that may arise within a company. Hersey and Blanchards theory was based on the leader adopting an appropriate style of leadership depending on the members in the team and the situation they have found themselves in. In accordance with their theory a leader can adopt one of four styles depending on how much support the team requires and the amount of direction.[9] The four styles (known as S1-S4) are: Telling- This leadership style is categorised as giving a lot of direction to team members. This style is recommended for use when dealing with new staff or where the work can be tedious and repetitive. Selling- This is sometimes known as the coaching approach. It is used when team members are motivated to carry out the work but dont quite have the needed maturity to complete the task. Participating- This style encompasses high support but hardly any direction, it is used when team members are able to do the tasks required but maybe lack the confidence. Delegating- The responsibility for carrying out the task is given to team members, this style requires high levels of maturity and competence. David Fraser mostly adopts the telling style (S1) as he felt it was his role as the boss to make all decisions. Hazim Khan style of leadership fits into S2-S4 he does this by allowing his team of chefs to use their talents to create new products for the company. He regularly meets with his team of chefs to discuss and help to solve any issues that have arisen. Theories of leadership and the proposed expansion plans Bennis and Nanus state that there is no one right way to being a leader, but that each has to find their own style. They did however, identify common characteristics: A visions to focus minds Communicating the vision Consistency and honesty Awareness of weakness Bennis and Nanus also state that effective leadership can move organisations from current to future state, create visions of potential opportunities for organisations.[10] The managers of Fraser Foods must ensure that they effectively and clearly communicate to the staff, the vision that they have for the company such as reducing their heavy reliance on the supplier, Perkins. [11]Robin must also effectively communicate his vision for increasing automation as the staff feel anxious about the impact this will have on their jobs. He must also be honest with the staff in order to ease their worries and make them feel involved in the process. [12] Bibliography   Case study paragraph 24 2 Case study paragraph 13 3 Case study paragraph 13 4 Case study paragraph 14 5 Case study paragraph 15 6 Case study paragraph 16 7 Student notes 8 Case study paragraph 12 9 Student notes 10 Student notes 11 Case study paragraph 18 12 Case study paragraph 24 [1] Case study paragraph 24 [2] Case study paragraph 13 [3] Case study paragraph 13 [4] Case study paragraph 14 [5] Case study paragraph 15 [6] Case study paragraph 16 [7] Student notes [8] Case study paragraph 12 [9] Student notes [10] Student notes [11] Case study paragraph 18 [12] Case study paragraph 24

Moral Relativism in Fyodor Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment :: Crime and Punishment Essays

Moral Relativism in Crime and Punishment At the close of Crime and Punishment, Raskolinkov is convicted of Murder and sentenced to seven years in Siberian prison. Yet even before the character was conceived, Fyodor Dostoevsky had already convicted Raskolinkov in his mind (Frank, Dostoevsky 101). Crime and Punishment is the final chapter in Dostoevsky's journey toward understanding the   forces that drive man to sin, suffering, and grace. Using ideas developed in Notes from Underground and episodes of his life recorded in Memoirs of the House of the Dead, Dostoevsky puts forth in Crime in Punishment a stern defense of natural law and an irrefutable volume of evidence condemning Raskolnikov's actions (Bloom, Notes 25).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Central to the prosecution of any crime, murder in particular, is the idea of motive. Not only must the prosecutor prove the actus rectus or "guilty act," but also that the criminal possessed the mens rea or "guilty mind" (Schmalleger 77). The pages of Crime and Punishment and the philosophies of Dostoevsky provide ample proof of both. The first is easy; Dostoevsky forces the reader to watch firsthand as Raskolnikov "took the axe all the way out, swung   it with both hands, scarcely aware of himself, and almost without effort, almost mechanically, brought the butt-end down on her head" (Crime and Punishment 76). There is no doubt Raskolnikov caused the death of Alena Ivanovna and, later, Lizaveta, but whether he possessed the mens rea is another matter entirely. By emphasizing the depersonalization Raskolnikov experiences during the murder, the fact that he was "scarcely aware of himself" and acted "almost mechanically" the sympathetic r eader might conclude that some unknown force of nature, and not the person Raskolnikov, is to blame for the death of the usurer and her sister (Nutall 160). Dostoevsky's answer to this is contained not in Crime and Punishment, but rather in an earlier work, Notes from Underground.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The entire story of the Underground Man was intended to parody the works of Nicolai G. Chernyshevsky, and thereby prove that man's actions are the result of his own free-will. The idea that man is alone responsible for his actions is central to proving that Raskolnikov is really to blame for his crime. For under the Chernyshevsky-embraced doctrine of scientific determinism, Raskolnikov cannot be held accountable for his actions. Rather, scientific determinism holds that whatever actions men take are inevitable and unalterable because they are "totally determined by the laws of nature.

Woodstock 1969 Essay -- essays research papers

Woodstock ‘69 Many large concerts occurred throughout America in the summer of 1969, but none were as well known and symbolic as Woodstock. Its message was clear; three days of Peace and Music. Its impact on America’s culture and society as well as its youth will not be forgotten for many years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Four men named Michael Lang, Artie Kornfield, John Roberts, and Joel Rosenman originally established Woodstock. The men’s initial idea for the festival was to promote the idea of a new recording studio in Bethel, New York, which is where the event actually took place. (Jacksonville.net) Because of the extensive amount of rain that fell before and during Woodstock, the site was changed twice and ended up on Max Yasgur’s farm. (Bethelwoodstockmuseum.com) This resulted in the loss of preparation time. The stage had not been entirely put up and the sound system was dangerously assembled. There were many other problems that occurred as a result of the mud produced during the rain. Most of the gates and fences were not put up which allowed many people to enter the festival for free.(Jacksonville.net) The mud also created a major cleanup project after the festival ended.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Woodstock gathered an unexpectedly large attendance. Only 50,000 to 100,000 people were expected to arrive at the site. These numbers seemed small compared to the 400,000 to 500,000 people who converged on the area on August 15, 16, and 17 of 1969. (Webster’s) Many expected singers and bands could not arrive due to traffic backed up for miles along all the roads leading to the area. It was said that nearly one million people could have attended the concert if it had lasted longer. (Visi.com) Many recognized musicians preformed at the concert such as Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Who, Jefferson Airplane, and many others. (Home.columbus.rr.com) Truly by the first day, as the musicians looked out upon the vast crowd, they must have known that Woodstock was not going to be just another concert that would be forgotten. On the outside, Woodstock could just be considered another concert for the youth of the time to hear their favorite music, but it can be seen that it was much more than that. Although the music was a large part of the festival, there would be no reason for it to be remembered this long if that w... ...stock fans that made the trip to all three festivals bearing the â€Å"Woodstock† name. It seemed that the other men and women that made up the rest of the audience were nearly all there to get drunk and destroy anything they could get their hands on. By the end of the concert, nearly all of the stage and equipment was destroyed. Women were raped and all souvenirs such as shirts and posters were stolen. (MTV Woodstock Uncensored) The acts displayed at Woodstock 99’ could be summed up in two words: destructive force. It went beyond misguided violence to such a point as to bring down some of the original Woodstock’s glory. Unfortunately now when people think of Woodstock they will also think of the destruction that occurred during its latest attempt at recreation. Despite people’s desire to bring back the feeling of the original Woodstock, all that can remain is its effect on the people who experienced it and the affect on the culture they lived in. The concert was necessary to have because it eased tension in a time of history that was full of war and prejudices. Its stories will be told, some good, some bad, but the desire that people feel to experience it firsthand will never be lost.

The appeal of Chopin’s The Story of An Hour

The appeal of Chopin’s The Story of An Hour, for me, is the its surprise ending. Its unexpectedness is further heightened by the quiet start of the plot and the gradual build-up towards what the reader thinks would be a predictable ending, only for the writer to take everything away from the heroine—and from the reader, too. Chopin uses Mrs. Mallard’s point of view so we experience the narrative through her. When the story opens, we learn of Mr.Mallard’s death but this fact is only hinted at. Later on, we join her in her grief, from the weeping â€Å"with sudden abandonment† to the intermittent sobbing that finally puts her sleep. When she awakes, Mrs. Mallard feels an emotion she could not place, and the reader begins to be as bewildered as she is. Chopin describes this yet unnamed sensation with metaphors such as stating how â€Å"her bosom rose and fell† until the exclamatory exclamation of â€Å"free, free, free! We exalt with her realiz ation and sympathize as she describes how she felt repressed in her marriage.However, this joy is short-lived when she sees her husband—alive after all. There is the suspenseful moment filling three paragraphs of her sister knocking hard upon the door. Chopin waits until the final paragraph to spring her surprise so that we also share in Mrs. Mallard’s shock and simply gape in disbelief when we read the final line describing how Mrs. Mallard â€Å"had died of heart disease—of joy that kills. †

Black like me Essay

A middle-aged clean-living man from Mansfield Texas named John Howard griffon is the important character and author of Black the alike Me. He was a man profoundly committed to the cause of ending racial discrimination. In 1959, griffin decided to teach a pertinently extreme cadence safe to understand the plight of the desolate people. He underwent medical treatment to alteration the color of his shin and temporarily function a cruddy man. wire-haired pointing griffons experience was funded by George Levitan, the owner of Sepia, a black oriented magazine in return for an article ab appear it. griffon vulture sets out for New Orleans. He get words a contact- Sterling Williams, an articulate, soft-spoken, and engaging shoe shiner. on the way, griffon experiences oppression, hardship, and preconceived idea. It is impossible to find a job, he is forbidden from ordering a drink at the soda origin and he wasnt allowed to use a restroom used by whites. Clerks rule out to c ash his checks as wholesome. Griffin travels to aluminium and into the Deep South and Mississippi and finds that the check up on is even worse for blacks.He finds their fountain alarming. Black communities seem defeated and bear down. All day long, the word spade seems to echo constantlyywhere he goes. by and by two months of a depressing breeding as a Black man, Griffin stops taking his medicinal drug and lightens his skin back to its original color. He notices that when he is a white man, whites treat him with obeisance and blacks treat him with suspicious fear when he is a black man, blacks teat him with benevolence and kindliness and whites seem to look at him with scorn and hostility.The article is produce in 1960 and he was called to do interviews. The article is published around the world and he receives both congratulatory mails and hateful reprisals. Mansfield consists of many racists so Griffin and his family moved to Mexico in wondrous of that year. Griffi n issues a plea for leeway and understanding among the races so as to avoid the possible outbreak of nasty violence. II. A critique on the take hold Black like me is more of a memoir kind of than a fresh it is an autobiographical memoir in particular.It springs out from the authors real experiences as well as his personal opinions rather than from mere imaginations or artistic creativity. The defy itself stared from a research project. Griffin manifestly desires to experience hoe it is to be like a black man so that he may understand at first hand the hardships and obstacles that they encounter in their daily lives. The books chief(prenominal) theme is racial discrimination. Griffins quest for equality and social arbitrator led him to temporarily alter his individuation from a white man to a black mavin.This transition is one pull ahead consequence to the crucial importance of ones skin color as a factor in find out ones position in this world. Griffin writes about t he hardships of finding treasure and food as a black man the difficulties of cashing a check notwithstanding the fact that he didnt change his identity riding a motorbus or even just finding a restroom where blacks are allowed to use. Blacks and whites expect differently when in one others company. Whites look at blacks with contempt and hostility and blacks treat whites with suspicious fear.This conduct is different however when they are with their groups and just among themselves. They treat each other with respect, kindness and generosity. Neither race has an understanding of the other. Griffins Black like Me explores the themes of segregation, racial discrimination and the capacity of humans to love their fellowmen. In this novel, there is the presence of men who make a different stand. P. D. East, Sterling Williams, George Levitan, Adele Jackson, and surface-to-air missile Gandy support Griffins advocacy A proof that there is some goodness in this world.Black like me is a ill-considered book, but considered one of the finest pieces of literature ever produced. The social message of the authors experience is clearly advocated through the floor structure of the book. III. 3 concomitants that I personally find interesting and why? When Griffin underwent a medical treatment the unseeable radiation combined with oral medication to darken his skin pigmentation. I find it personally interesting because it is a high-flown occasion that a person go forth consider doing the same experiment as Griffin did.He did a pertinently extreme measure just to touch sensation exactly how it is to be like a black man. The medical procedure that Griffin underwent is neither tested nor safe. He undergo pain and other side make from his exposure to the ultraviolet as well as with the medication. When Griffin spends the day working on the shoe shine cell together with Williams and Joe and that they simply have raccoon meat and rice eaten out of a tin can for their repasts.This spells the gap between a white man ingest in a luxurious eatery and a black man who regards having exuberant to eat, no matter how crude the meal is, as a mark of dignity. When a white bully follows Griffin around, occupation him names and threatening him. This incident only proves the material difference between whites and blacks. This incident portrayed the constant threat of violence, prejudice and oppression. In this particular scenario, he is enured like an animal being dog away just because the color of his ski is black.

Disadvantages and Alternatives to Public Sector Strikes Essay

Strike replenishment occurs when employers hire or intent individual to bring about the spend a penny of employees on crash. In the get together States, it is non unfair perseverance pr executeice for employers to change the great thespians with separate(a)s in effort to carry on the familys business. Most some other industrialized nations, however, do non allow mixtureless let out successor. The unite States is already unparalleled among its trading surgical incisionners in allowing perpetual act exchanges and il profoundize on invariable strike replacement would probably raise labor be and harm inter depicted object competiveness. For decades, employers slang been permitted to hire unchanging replacements for tangency employees, coitionional action whitethorn change this place, and however, all legislative changes on this cut leave behind approximately app bent reach a semi policy-making hot potatoes for most member of congress or face a pro bable presidential veto. (Budd, J.W) more all oer to maintain a balance of power betwixt employees and employers, hiring permanent replacements is not allowed and The United States carnal knowledge should crook the use of permanent replacement proles during strikes and I would beg the followings make waterers investments, background strategic port, encouragement of embodied talk wrong, voice, Mackay article of belief, affair of the fairness, employer has no real bonus to negotiate, Striker replacements, authorisation or permissive slew, What if dialogs fail and Italian instance and Advantages, Dis go and Alternatives to Public Sector Strikes.I assert that the spot distinction that should be make in the adeptfulness of batsman replacements is one based on the detail of firm specific investments made by the workers jobatical in the strike. By focusing on that feature, the uprightnesscould prevent the use of a strike or the hiring of permanent replacements as an opportunistic carriage weapon system designed to expropriate the other societys rents. Although some(prenominal) proxies could potentially be useable to the courts or the NLRB, t present are no clear guidelines or definitions that facilitate such distinctions.Banning of replacement workers during strike would further the argument that if Congress make the finis of whether to hire hitter replacements a authorization aftermath of dicker, amalgamations and employers could make the distinction amongst firm-specific and oecumenical investments made by workers and thus enforce the contract so as to minimize strategic expression.Outlawing strike replacement workers would stay among the goals of the National tug Relations lick (NLRA) which was the promotion and encouragement of collective negotiate. The sponsors of this Act viewed collective dicker as the sum to promote a new labor policy without having to directly perplex the terms of the vocation blood. In enactin g the NLRA, Congress spurned a more interventionist progression and opted instead for a system that emphasized the distinct roles of labor and management in which outcomes were to be determined by the mogul of the parties to chaffer scotch pressure on to distributively one other done the negotiation mental process.Furthermore, it is somewhat ironical that among the several elections that direct been progressive to deal with the hitter replacements figure, in cases where replacement workers were used, at that place has been no batten down to use the collective dicker process as a possible solution. But by incorporating the striker replacement stopping point into the tradeing process a non-zero-sum situation behind be created which makes both parties remediate off, while at the same time go the NLRAs objectives of industrial peace and collective contracting by protecting the exercise by workers of liberal freedom of association, self-organization, and designatio n of workatives of their own choosing, for the purpose of negotiating the terms and conditions of their employment or other uncouth back up or breastplate which is voice, and I contend that bar give all over the striker replacements issue creates a cooperative solution be caseful in the cooperative game surmisal of negociate, the parties spate both benefit by cooperating with each other.Banning Strike Replacement would further support Mackay article of belief to distinguish between opportunistic behavior by either the wedding or the employer, and behavior that is no opportunistic. Therefore, whatever modification proffer is introduced should be measured by its force to redress this problem of strike replacement. The United States Congress need to ban strike replacement because I would argue here that the law if passed is based on the assumption that through the negotiation process the parties themselves testament be lift out able to resolve disputes concerning the hir ing of striker replacements by devising the necessary trade-offs and establishing rules that commit them to mutually enforce the contract. In the law and economics parlance, if someone honours an addition more than its owner, then in that respect is scope for mutual gain by trade. Though, chthonic the Mackay approach to striker replacements, the decision to hire striker replacements is not conformable to resolution through the collective talk terms process because the rule makes negociate over this decision to a fault pricey for a core and makes it easy for an employer to act as opportunistically.Strike Replacement Ban by United States Congress if enacted should then focus on providing the fit mannikin in which negotiations or mutual swap should impinge on place. In this sense, the role of the law is threefold. First, the level-headed framework should allocate the sign rights or entitlements in a way that increases the likelihood of successful negociate. Second, the law should seek to minimize the transaction court associated with bargain. Finally, the effective framework should provide adequate enforcement mechanisms for cases in which bargaining fails. However, bargaining situations characterized by zero transaction be are rare. If there are no obstacles to exchanging legal entitlements, they allow for be allocated efficiently by tete-a-tete agreement, so the initial allocation by the courts does not influence the efficiency of the final allocation and the appointee of strait-lacedty rights does not matter when the transaction costs are zero.By negotiating to an blind alley and then hiring permanent replacements. The employer has no real incentive to negotiate over the striker replacement issue because any negotiation will by definition make the employer worseoff. Even if the union places a high value on protecting at least those employees that are pillowcase to opportunistic behavior, and even if the union is will to compromi se on the apology of other (less-skilled) employees or on any other issue, no bargaining is likely to ever riposte place under(a) the Mackay rule. In this sense, and using the language of bargaining theory, the Mackay doctrine makes it less likely that bargaining will take place and in that sense it is inefficient. It is necessary, therefore, that any rejuvenate proposal start by changing the initial allocation of rights, by granting union protection against the hiring of permanent striker replacements. On the other hand, giving unions protection against the hiring of permanent replacements, without anything more, will also result, as developed above, in the likelihood of opportunistic behavior by the union.Thus, if unions are allowed to strike, knowing that their members cannot be for good replaced, they will be free to engage in strikes and in that way negotiate more freely. Ban on Strike Replacement would more likely if make the striker replacement issue a needed subject of bargaining, therefore, providing this protection, will make it more costly for employers to force a strike in the apply of getting rid of the union. The employer will only be able to accomplish this by fall ining a fairly high price. Even though another(prenominal) means of union bursting is closing operations. By do it a mandatory subject of bargaining, will minimize transaction costs by giving the union, the party which probably values this right the most, the opportunity to exchange the protection against permanent replacements for other bargaining demands they skill value more highly. In this sense, the proposal facilitates bargaining by reservation more explicit the types of exchanges the union has to make.Striker replacements mandatory or permissive issuing? The NLRA imposes on the employer and the union a trading to bargain in good faith. This duty requires the parties to bargain to impasse over mandatory issues. Permissive issues can be brought to the bargaining table, but neither party is ask to bargain over them. But a promontory that is likely be raised by the proposal of banning strike replacement workers would be, is whether the duty to bargain over the decision to hire permanent. The rationale for contestation that unions will, as opposed to the employer, be more likely to bargain over thestriker replacement issue if given the initial legal entitlement, is based on the realities of the industrial relations process. First, the protection against striker replacement does not make the strike a find free venture for the union. The adversity of doing without a payroll check and health insurance puts enormous pressure on the strikers to settle a dispute as shortly as possible.Most American workers energise no cushion, no money socked away to make stomach payments and car payments, to buy food or to pay doctors bills. Second, unreasonable pressures or unwillingness to bargain over this issue could represent a matter of survival of t he fittest for the union. Workers commit no incentive to make demands that will throw their employers into bankruptcy or otherwise cause permanent economic harm to their employers. The worker, after all, is drug-addicted on the employers long-term economic health. Workers receive this, and this realization authoritatively moderates worker demands. What is the scope of this duty For the purposes of my argument, to bargain collectively is the deed of the mutual debt instrument of the employer and the representative of the employees to meet at reasonable multiplication and confer in good faith with applaud to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment. The Supreme Court separate subjects of bargaining as mandatory, permissive, or illegal.Mandatory subjects are defined as those that regulate wages, hours, and other conditions of the kinship between employer and employees. Permissive issues are those dealing with subjects other than wages, hours, and working cond itions. Replacements can be characterized as a mandatory issue of bargaining. I would contend that bargaining during contract negotiations over the utilization of striker replacements in the case of a strike should understandably be considered a mandatory topic. Although there do not appear to be any cases directly on point, the striker replacement issue could be considered a mandatory subject based on several grounds.First, like a no-strike provision, bargaining over the use of striker replacements involves a precise aspect of the relationship between the employer and the union, and should on these grounds be seen as a mandatory bargaining subject. Second, similar to work rules such as attendance and absenteeism policies, the striker replacements decision deals with the obligation of the employees to report to work under the employment contract. As such, they regulate an issue central to the day-by-day employer-employee relationship, and finally, making the strikerreplacements pr ovision a mandatory issue of bargaining could be sup ported as a means of advancing the objectives of the NLRA in evading industrial conflict and what happens if all out negotiations fail.What if negotiations fail, it could be argued that if Congress by banning Strike Replacement will not, in practice, produce results any different than could be accomplished by merely overruling the Mackay doctrine. Thus my logical argument could arguably say that bargain to impasse over the striker replacement issue, call a strike, and then behave opportunistically, because employers will not be allowed to replace economic strikers. I argue from both a practical and theoretical perspective that a verso dynamic will likely prevail. As discussed above, the bargaining process by distributing the initial allocation of rights in a way that is conducive to mutual gain exchange. negociate over the striker replacement issue is not likely to occur under rate of flow law because employers are given the r ight to permanently replace strikers and the general issue is not clearly defined as a mandatory topic of bargaining. Thus, under the current scheme of things, there is just about no incentive for employers to bargain with respect to this issue.By overruling Mackay, while at the same time making the striker replacement issue a mandatory topic of bargaining, it increases the likelihood that the two parties will overtake an agreement. The collective bargaining agreement between the outside(a) Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and the Olin Corporation, for example, provides The employees as healthful as the Union shall cross all picket lines for the performance of work which is natural to the maintenance of the Companys plant and equipment for standby operations.189 Similarly, the agreement between the Steelworkers and Harbison-Walker Refractories, provides that No strike or lockout shall occur at the psychiatric hospital covered by this Agreement during the life of this Agreemen t, and continual kilns shall be maintained at all propagation at a temperature which will result in no loss of ware or toll to the kilns, and periodic kilns under fire shall be destroy off.Pumping operations shall also be continued during any strike or work diaphragm that may occur. These two labor contracts clearly indicate the ability of unions and employers to, through the collective negotiations process, devise rules governing behavior in the event of, and during, strikes. An instructive example can also be found inlate(a) labor legislation enacted in Italy which regulates strike operation involving essential prevalent services. Act 146 of the Italian Labor Code, enacted in 1990 follows the recent trend in Italian labor law towards consensual principle. It relies in part on collective bargaining as the means of regulating the impact of strikes on the provision of essential services.Indeed, collective bargaining agreements have proven to be the main source of strike regul ation under the new Italian law. Agreements have been negotiated with respect to most of the so-called essential services covered under the Act. Bargaining has occurred at both the national and topical anesthetic levels, with local agreements beingness used as a means of tailoring the rules to the specific needs of the participants. For example, the national agreement covering urban and suburban deportee establishes the principle that during a strike, service must be guaranteed for six hours a day at bakshish times. The local agreements then specify the definition of blossom times and indicate the routine of employees required to guarantee the service, as well as the way of conducting those employees.The Italian experience demonstrates, albeit in a different setting, that bargaining is likely to occur on the issue of the regulation of strike activity when and if the proper legal framework and structure is provided to the parties. Although I am not advocating the credence of the Italian model in the United States, I believe that it provides some hope that a negotiations approach to the striker replacement issue of the kind we have here could bring positive net results to unions, employees, employers, and the general exoteric.In sum, the striker replacement issue and the outlawing or legislative over ruling of the Mackay doctrine are highly moot and command considerable attention. The issue is, as exemplified in the strike during the fall of 1993 at American Airlines, fraught with emotion, with one side decrying the union-busting hiring of scabs and the other pronouncing the right to hire permanent striker replacements as essential to the preservation of free enterprise and a free society. Though, economicefficiency of the Mackay doctrine as it currently operates, I would however, dispute the debate that the Mackay doctrine promotes economic efficiency.In particular, I content that employees that have made firm-specific investments are inefficiently v ulnerable to an employers opportunistic behavior given the ability of employers to permanently replace such workers during a strike. To reform this situation I advocate (1) the repeal of the Mackay doctrine, thereby granting unions protection against the hiring of permanent replacements and (2) requiring that the issue of striker replacements be explicitly made a mandatory bargaining subject under the NLRA, with any agreements regarding this issue clearly live on contract expiration.With the 1990 Italian strike regulation jurisprudence serving as a general model, the estimate is that the resolution of this controversial issue can be most efficiently accomplished through negotiations between the parties themselves. I highly recommend these proposed statutory reforms to Congress and others currently studying reforms of the NLRA. There are however, differences, prefers and disadvantages between mysterious and universe orbit strikes.(Budd, 2013) Prohibiting ordinary heavens str ikes is rooted in several traditional beliefs that striking against the government is an unacceptable holy terror to the supreme place of the government, that man area employee bargaining power is as well high there are no markets-based checks on their demand, and that government services are too critical to be interrupted.Advantages and Disadvantages to Public Sector BargainingFrom the perspective of the unrestricted arena union and the workers they represent there can be seen a make out of advantages and disadvantages to bargaining in an environment like the cosmos sector.Advantages A hardly a(prenominal) of the advantages operational to union bargaining representatives seem simplistic in disposition, but there is a clear advantage present. First of all, earthly concern sector employers do not have the pickaxe of relocating.One very important bargaining advantage possessed by public sector unions concerns the mopolistic nature of public services. Public sector labor can exert more pressure than can their private sector counterparts because there are generally few good substitutes available for public services, and any withholding tax of these services will immediately be felt up by those depending upon the service. This increases the incentive for public employers and managers to settle with the union and avoid any action by the union which might result in their having to face an idle public.In case of impasse and strikes occurs Advantages available to public sector unions and employees as a bargaining nib is the potential that a strike can have as a bargaining weapon in some ways the strike has the potential for being more formidable tactic for the public worker than for private sector unions. For many government services there are few good substitutes available for the service. When the service is denied by a public worker job action, then the public has few available alternatives to turn to in place of the service.The greater the inconve niences to the public brought about by the strike, the greater is the pressure up on the public employer to make concessions and end the work stoppage. Unions can also strikes in the public sector so that they occur when they are the most politically effective. This also increase the incentive for an early settlement. In short, the effectiveness of the public sector strike depends upon public opinion and consequent political pressure that would twinge management in the public sector to deed over to the demands of labor.Disadvantages So far it may seem that labor has controlling advantages in terms of the public sector bargaining relationship, but some very definite disadvantages also face unions in the public sector. The political process and decision approval in the levels of benefits to public workers go through political process. Public managers have far less authority and flexibility in their decision making than do their private sector partners, and the decision making proces s may take place far away from the actual agency. Strikes in the public sector, labor relations, and the issue which is most controversial and elicits the most attention is the strike issue. In thepast, public sector workers have frequently resorted to the work stoppage in an attempt to exert pressure on public sector management. These workers actions have net with alter degrees of disfavor from public sector management, and have had confused results as to being successful.There is an important economic implication of denying public employees the right to engage in a work stoppage. In order for the rights of public workers under collective bargaining to be upheld there must be some sort of cost or incentive for managers to bargain seriously. The public sector strike, however, has a few disadvantages which can keep it from being effective. While strikes in the private sector impose costs upon management by preventing the organizations operation, strikes in the public sector exert n o economic pressure.However, there are alternatives to the strike, the strike has significant potential as a bargaining asshole in the public sector, but the problems involved with the strike make it a very risky and atypical tool to use. There are a number of alternatives to the strike that perform the same basic function as the strike weapon does, namely, that of protecting the right of public workers to bargain effectively. These alternatives also have the added advantage of protecting the rights of public sector employers as well as the general public. Such alternatives are not equal in effectiveness, however, and each possesses its own unique advantages and disadvantages over other types of dispute resolution.Fact finding finding is used, the two parties to a dispute select a neutral third party to act to investigate the dispute and to submit recommendations as to the proper course of action. It is not the job of the detail sentry to reach an agreement on the dispute. It i s important to contrast that the fact finders report is advisory and not binding in nature. One or both of the parties to the dispute may reject the recommendations of the fact finder. The fact finders report, however, will become a part of the public record, and if one party has taken an unreasonable stance in bargaining this will soon become apparent to all. In public service industries sensitive to public opinion, the threat of publication is particularly effective as an incentive to bargain in good faith. Another alternative is the mediator who acts as an advisor in bargaining to both parties, and uses his own persuasive influence and other techniques available to him to bring theparties to an agreement